Formative and summative assessments are integral parts of the educational process, each serving a unique purpose. Formative assessments are ongoing, aimed at identifying learning gaps and adjusting teaching methods during the instructional period. They can include observations, peer feedback, or class discussions. Summative assessments, on the other hand, evaluate student learning at the end of a unit or course against set standards or benchmarks and can include final exams, research papers, or presentations. Together, they provide a comprehensive evaluation of students’ learning progress.
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