- Introduction
- What is coding?
- What is a robot?
- Coding and Robotics strands and methodologies
- Processes
- Time allocation in Coding and Robotics
- Resources management for Coding and Robotics
- Knowledge Strands in Details
- Application Skills
- Types of devices
- Interaction with smart devices
- Operating Systems
- Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- File Management
- Types of graphics applications
- Word Processing
- Spreadsheet application
- PowerPoint application
- Video Editor
- What is HTML?
- HTML editor
- WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) editor
- HTML Elements and Tags
- Web browsers
- Internet and e-Communications
- Electrical circuits
- Electrical components
- Mechanical systems
- Microcontrollers
- Download the Orientation Guide
Introduction
The curricula for Coding and Robotics have been developed to equip learners with the knowledge, skills and values they need to become responsible citizens in the modern workplace that is constantly evolving because of the 4IR.
The Specific Aims of the Curriculum for Coding and Robotics allow learners to engage in activities that expose them to subject choices, which will further be specialised through the FET Band. Career opportunities for Coding andRobotics include among others:
- computer design
- programming
- computer operator research
- cybersecurity expert
- mechanical engineering
- electrical engineering
- specialised 3D drawing
- software development
- innovation and research
- project planning engineering, etc.
What is coding?
Coding, also known as programming, is essentially written instructions that a robot or a computer program can read and then execute. Think about your light switch at home. You know that it has an ON (1) and OFF (0) position. What this illustrates is that ON equals 1, and OFF equals 0.
Machine code is the elemental language of computers and consists of a series of 0s and 1s. Robots need machine codeto fulfil the purposes for which they were created. Machine code is fundamentally a set of instructions. Learners will use this elemental language to write these instructions. They will need to determine the task they want to completethrough a machine or robot, design the code, send it to the machine or robot, and then observe the outcome.
Coding is also used in software development. This type of coding is different from the coding languages used forcoding robots or machines to perform specific actions. It can be used for data management and/or analysing data.
In Coding and Robotics, learners are taught how to set up a code to instruct a specific robot, so that it can fulfil apurpose. The computer must be able to read the code to execute the tasks. Robotics allows learners to see theirthinking come to life using trial-and-error tasks until their intended outcome is achieved, and the robot’s motionsare performed as originally planned and designed. Many coding languages can be used to instruct a machine. Youwill be introduced to a few of them.
What is a robot?
Britannica (www.britannica.com) describes a robot as any automatically operated machine that replaces humaneffort – though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots.
Coding and Robotics teaches learners to:
- think critically and creatively
- problem-solve
- collaborate.
The Coding and Robotics curricula are structured to develop five strands in the Foundation Phase and is thenreduced to four strands in the Intermediate and Senior Phase. The curricula are supported by two methodologies,i.e. Computational Thinking and Design Thinking.
Coding and Robotics strands and methodologies
Strands
The five strands for Coding and Robotics in the Foundation Phase are:
- Application Skills
- Problem-solving and Pattern Recognition
- Internet and e-Communications
- Coding
- Robotics
In the Intermediate and Senior Phase, the five strands are collapsed into four strands where Problem- solving andPattern Recognition are integrated into Coding. The four remaining strands are:
- Application Skills
- Internet and e-Communications
- Coding
- Robotics
The strands of Coding and Robotics are underpinned by Computational Thinking and the Engineering DesignProcess Methodologies to develop Critical Thinking Skills. The Specific Aims in the subject, i.e., Skills, Knowledge,Values and Attitudes (SKVA) are rooted within the curricula.
Processes
Computational Thinking
In education, Computational Thinking is a set of problem-solving methods that involve expressing problems and theirsolutions in ways that a computer could also execute.
This is a dynamic process consisting of four steps, which are outlined below:
Engineering Design Process
The Engineering Design Process is a series of steps that should be followed when you want to find a solution to a problem.The solution could involve designing a machine or computer code that needs to accomplishes a certain task. These stepsare listed below:
- Investigate: Analyse a problem statement and identify the problems that need to be solved. Brainstormsome ideas and decide on the best solution.
- Design: Create concept and then working drawings for the proposed solution or process.
- Make (Build): Use the correct tools and materials identified to make the design. Your design will be based on theworking drawings that have been developed.
- Evaluate: The product or process needs to be evaluated to determine whether it could be improved. You can thenuse the information from your evaluation to improve the design.
- Communicate: The findings around the development and evaluation should be communicated to the team that is working on the product or process.
Time allocation in Coding and Robotics
Instructional time in a school is extremely important for various reasons. It ensures that no teacher is scheduledfor too many back-to-back classes or two classes at the same time. Teachers can modify lesson plans duringpreparation periods and collaborate with their colleagues.
A well-constructed timetable establishes a natural rhythm and routine, which can be comforting to teachers andlearners. It also allows learners to know exactly when a specific subject is scheduled.
The following four aspects impact effective planning, preparation and teaching:
- Curriculum organisation
A school timetable with mandated period lengths and specific subjects for each period helps administratorsallocate sufficient resources to the most important areas of the curriculum. The curriculum should be organisedso that the most important subjects are at optimal times of the day. For example, if an administrator believes thatthe morning is the best time to schedule English FAL, then reading and writing should almost always bescheduled before noon.
- Learner organisation
The school timetable allows learners to know the exact time and duration of each class period. Without a schooltimetable, learners would have no idea how to prepare for the day, how much transit time they have before theyare late for a class, or who their teachers are.
- Reducing confusion
A smartly designed master school schedule reduces confusion for teachers, allows them to set their routines andcreates comfort during the first two weeks of school, when classroom management
is critical. Teachers and administrators can also rectify mistakes, such as one teacher being placed in twoclassrooms at the same time, or another teacher not receiving a preparation period during a specific day, byusing the master schedule.
- Routines are critical
The most important reason for creating a school timetable is to develop a routine for all learners and staff. Justas teachers must develop routines for their learners to build a class structure, administrators must use the school timetable to delineate exactly when and where learners go to class, and when teachers are scheduled to teach. If an administrator creates a bad timetable, which either requires teachers to work several consecutive periods or learners to go without an elective, such as art, music, or physical education for two or three consecutive days, the management effects trickle down to the teachers and can cause unsustainable learner behaviours.
Foundation Phase Time allocation
The instructional time in the Foundation Phase is as follows:
SUBJECT | GRADER (HOURS) | GRADE 1–2 (HOURS) | GRADE 3(HOURS) |
Home Language | 10 | 8/7 | 8/7 |
First Additional Language | 2/3 | 3/4 | |
Mathematics | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Coding and Robotics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Life Skills: | 6 | 6 | 7 |
Beginning Knowledge | (1) | (1) | (2) |
Creative Arts | (2) | 2 | (2) |
Physical Education | (2) | 2 | (2) |
Personal and Social Well-being | (1) | (1) | (1) |
TOTAL | (24) | (24) | (27) |
Intermediate Phase Time allocation
The instructional time in the Intermediate Phase is as follows:
SUBJECTS | HOURS |
Home Language | 6 |
First Additional Language | 5 |
Mathematics | 6 |
Natural Sciences and Technology | 3.5 |
Social Sciences | 3 |
Life Skills, Creative Arts, Physical Education, Personal and Social Well-being | 4(1.5)(1)(1.5) |
Coding and Robotics | 2 |
TOTALS | 29.5 |
Senior Phase Time allocation
SUBJECTS | HOURS |
Home Language | 6 |
First Additional Language | 5 |
Mathematics | 6 |
Natural Sciences | 3.5 |
Social Sciences | 3 |
Life Orientation | 2 |
Schools to replace any of the TWO (2) from the Occupational subjects: | |
Technology | 2 |
Economic Management Sciences | 2 |
Creative Arts | 2 |
Occupational Subjects:A minimum of any three subjects selected from Group Annexure , Tables of the policy document, National Policy Pertaining to the Programme and Promotion Requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12, subject to theprovisos stipulated in paragraph of the said policy document. | As per Cir S11 of 2020 |
Coding and Robotics | 2 |
TOTALS | 29.5 |
Resources management for Coding and Robotics
An integral part of Coding and Robotics is the use of equipment ranging from ICT, textbooks, electronics andhardware resources, etc. It is a core aspect of the subject that needs to be managed very carefully to ensure thatequipment is protected and that if some components or consumables need to be replaced, that it will be donetimeously to ensure practical activities can continue.
Knowledge Strands in Details
The purpose of Coding and Robotics is the development of solutions for problems that organisations may experience. The subject is focused on using software and/or hardware to solve these identified problems. At the heart of this process, the programmer must be able to use their ability to recognise patterns in the data, then find and automate solutions.
Pattern recognition and problem-solving
Learning to identify abstract and geometric patterns is an integral part of the Design and Computational Thinking Processthat will assist learners in solving problems.
The following skills and concepts are taught in the Pattern Recognition and Problem-solving Strand:
- identification and analysis of regularities, repetitions and change in patterns that increase in size and number;consisting of physical objects, drawings, and symbolic forms to make predictions and solve problems.
- description of patterns and relationships using symbolic expressions and grids
- identification of code patterns through the sequences of lines, shapes, and objects in the world.
A pattern can be defined as a regular and repeated way in which something happens or is done. A distinguishing feature of humans is our ability to recognise patterns all around us. These can range from basic shapes to patterns indata.
A sequence can be defined as an arrangement of objects in which repetition is allowed and order matters. Somesequences contain patterns, where some do not. For example, the sequence 11 22 33 44 55 has a very clear pattern. We can continue the sequence once we have identified the pattern. In some sequences, the pattern is not always that obvious, for example, 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21. Can you find the next number?This sequence is the famous Fibonacci sequence, which gives rise to some beautiful patterns.
A grid can be defined as a pattern or structure made from vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other to formsquares or rectangles. A chessboard uses a grid combined with a coordinate system to allow players to identify specificsquares on a chessboard. The grid consists of eight rows and eight columns, totalling 8 × 8 = 64 squares (or cells). It is oftenuseful to combine a coordinate system with a grid if location on the grid is important. For example, when combining a grid and coordinate system, chess players are able to indicate movements on the board such as Ke1. Ke2.
Coding and Robotics also deals with the use of personal information. Thisinformation is often moved between two points on a network.
To secure the information, various software packages allow you to encrypt and decrypt information.
Understanding cryptography
In cryptography, encryption is the process of hiding information,
i.e. encryption is the process of converting information (known as plaintext)into an alternative form (known as ciphertext).
Decryption is the process of discovering information or converting ciphertext into plaintext.
The earliest form of encryption dates back as far as 1900 BC in Egypt. It was also used in ancient Greece andRome, as well as for military purposes. During World War II, German armed forced used an enciphering machineknown as Enigma. Alan Turing was able to decipher the code using a computer that he designed in 1940.
One of the most famous encryption systems is knownas the Caesar Cipher. In the Caesar cipher, normal textis shifted by a fixed number of spaces to the right.
The number of units shifted is known as the ‘key’. This illustration shows a Caesar Wheel.
The outer wheel can spin while the inner wheel remains fixed. Each character of the alphabet has shifted 4 units onwards. To decrypt a message using this configuration, a key of 4is needed.
This shift is sometimes referred to as ROT 4, meaning that each letter is mapped to a new letter, 4 letters ahead, so, for example, Z is mapped to D, Y to C, X to B and W to A.
Modern encryption is used daily in the process of transferring information over the internet. It relies heavily on primenumbers. Encryption techniques need to evolve continuously to prevent attacks and deciphering techniques ascomputers grow more powerful every day.
Application Skills
The activities in this section will teach you the application skills you need and how it works in Coding and Robotics.
Computer and digital devices have become part of our everyday lives. We interact with some form of smart device– phones, tablets, laptops, desktop computers – all the time. It is important to understand the basics of thesedevices to use them effectively.
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), andstore it (using a storage device). The processing of input to output is directed by the software but performed by the hardware.
Hardware: This is the physical parts of a computer such as the CPU, monitor, mouse, and keyboard. A computersystem requires four main aspects of data handling: input, processing, output, and storage. The hardwareresponsible for these four areas operates as follows:
- Input devices accept data in a form that the computer can use; they then send the data to the processing unit.
- The processor, more formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has the electronic circuitry thatmanipulates input data into the information that users want. It executes computer instructions that arespecified in the program (software).
- Output devices show users the processed data/information in a form that they are able to use.
- Storage devices, include hard drives, solid-state drives, etc. These devices can store data and programs outside the computer itself.
Software: Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer hardware how to work.
Types of devices
In this section, we will briefly discuss the most common devices: desktop computers, laptops, tablets,smartphones.
A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its sizeand power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the CPU), memory and other electronic components, disk storage (usually one or more hard disk drives, solid-state drives, optical disc drives), a keyboard and mouse for input; and a computer monitor, speakers, and often, a printer for output. | |
A laptop (sometimes called a notebook) is a battery- or AC- powered personal computer that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. A laptop typically weighs less than 3 kilograms and is 8 centimetre or less in thickness. | |
A tablet is a mobile device, typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display, and a rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets, being computers, do whatother personal computers do, but lack some input/output (I/O) capabilities when compared to other computers. | |
A smartphone is a mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one unit. It facilitates wider software and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras, and gaming), alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones typically include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software (such as a magnetometer, proximity sensors, barometer, gyroscope, or accelerometer), and support wireless communications protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or satellite navigation). |
Interaction with smart devices
There is a wide variety of smart devices available for us to use. Each device has very basic things, such as switching on andoff, in common.
Here is an example for switching on your computer:
- Find the “On” button.
- Push the button. In most computers, the button lights up when the computer is on.
- Log in. If you are the only user, the computer may go straight to the Desktop, but if you share the computer withother people, each person will usually have to enter their login details. Type your password and log in.
Operating Systems
An Operating System (OS) is the interface between a computer user and the computer hardware, which performs allthe basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, andthe control of peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
There are several kinds of OSs for computers and mobile devices. Some of them are listed below:
- Windows OS by Microsoft, for example, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10
- Linux OS is a free, open-source operating system. Anyone can download and modify the source code. Forexample, Debian, Ubuntu14.04, Ubuntu18, etc.
- Apple macOS is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple, Inc.
- Android OS is a mobile operating system that was developed by Google.
- iOS stands for iPhone Operating System. It functions for Apple, Inc. hardware only. The number of iOS devicesnowadays include Apple iPhone, iPod, iPad, iWatch, Apple TV, MacBook and iMac.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
All digital devices use OSs. These OSs in turn use Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). GUIs are a system of interactive visual components for computer software, which displays objects to convey information and represent actions that can be taken by a user.
File Management
Smart device use their OSs to store files on the device, which means the device will always have a certain amount ofspace allocated to the storage. The rest of the space can then be used for other files such as music, pictures, moviesor work files.
For a Windows OS, you can use File Explorer to browse folders and files. File Explorer is a file management application, which provides a graphical interface that users can use to navigate to and access files stored in the computer.
The main way to access the File Explorer is by clicking the folder icon in the Taskbar. After clicking the icon,the File Explorer window will open.
The initial File Explorer window is comprised of the following sections:
- The File Explorer ribbon, which resembles the ribbon featured in Microsoft Office. The ribbon containsbuttons for common tasks to perform with your files and folders.
- The Navigation Pane, which gives you access to your libraries of documents and pictures, as well as your storage devices. It also features frequently used folders and network devices.
- The Frequent folders section on the right, which features the folders you’ve worked with recently to allow for quick access to them.
- The Recent files section in the lower part of the window, which features files and documents that you’ve opened recently.
Types of graphics applications
Graphics applications refer to programs or a collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate images or models visually on a computer. Examples of such programs include GIMP, Adobe Photoshop,CorelDraw, Pizap, Microsoft Publisher, Picasa, etc.Microsoft Paint is completely free and can be downloaded to any Windows PC. It can be accessed via the Windows Startmenu, inside the Accessories Folder.
Word Processing
MS Word 2016/2019 allows you to create and edit personal and businessdocuments, such as letters, reports, invoices, emails and books. By default,documents saved in Word 2016/2019 are saved with the .docx extension.
MS Word can also be used for the following purposes:
- to create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts, and diagrams.
- to store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as coverpages and sidebars.
- to create letters and letterheads for personal and business purposes.
- to design different documents such as Curriculum Vitae or invitation cards, etc.
- to create a range of correspondence from a simple office memos to legal copies and reference documents.
Spreadsheet application
MS Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows you to store, organise, andanalyse information, such as keeping a budget, organising a training log, orcreating an invoice. Anyone can learn how to take advantage of the program’spowerful features. MS Excel makes it easy to work with different types of data.
MS Excel 2016 uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contains multiple tabs, eachwith several groups of commands. You will use these tabs to perform the most common tasks in Excel.
PowerPoint application
MS PowerPoint is used for creating slide shows. These slide shows can be used for presenting businessperformance data, to create a bulleted summary, or to teach and engage with various concepts. It also allows for the development of content that can be better integrated with text, videos, and sounds to make presentations more interesting.
Video Editor
Capturing video content has been made easier with the development of smart devices. Smart devices have goodcameras and can capture videos that look very professional. There are various applications for video editing that onecan use. The Video Editor shown is a version that comes standard with Microsoft Windows 10.
In the world of programming and coding, specific programming languages are used for different purposes. One ofthe programming languages used to structure a web page and its contents – which could contain bullets, setparagraphs, images and in some instances data tables – is called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
HTML is a programming language that is currently the standard code for developing web pages. It allows thedeveloper to write the website content, which is then displayed in a certain way across different digital devices.
What is HTML?
HTML consists of a series of Elements defined with Tags that tell the web browser how the content should bedisplayed. The HTML document is uploaded to a web browser from a local storage device or web server, and thecontent of the document is rendered as multimedia web pages.
HTML editor
An HTML text editor is like any other simple text editor.However, the HTML text editor provides more functionalities when working with HTML Tags.Some of these Tags have special functionalities that can includelink-checking and validation, code clean up and formatting, spell-checking, etc.
WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) editor
WYSIWYG is an acronym for “what you see is what you get”. A WYSIWYG editor is an application that allowsdevelopers to see how the HTML web page will look while the interface or document is still in development.
HTML Elements and Tags
There is a specific writing style that is used when writing a web page in HTML. Different looks and layouts arecreated by a standard set of Elements and Tags that are used when writing the web page.
Web browsers
A web browser is a computer or mobile application used for accessing information on the internet. The webbrowser displays the web page on a user’s device.
Internet and e-Communications
With the way our social and work environments are changing, there is an increasing need to be able to use theinternet and various e-Communication platforms. The two main components of this stream are the internet and e-Communication. The internet is defined as a global computer network that provides people with access to a largevariety of information and communication methods.
People interact and share information daily. This information could be personal, work-related, or even just a casualconversation about their weekend. A popular platform that people use to share their information on social media is Facebook. Other platforms like Instagram and Pinterest also provide a way for people to connect and share their experienceswith others who have connected with them through their social media profiles.
What is the internet? The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use specific protocols to communicate with each other.
e-Communication focuses on the different methods we use to communicate via the internet. Most people have a mobile device that can receive text messages, emails, and other messages such as WhatsApp and Telegram messages. These days there is little to no waiting time for emails and messages to be delivered – it happens almost instantly.
When our personal information is used on the internet, it could become a sensitive issue – especially around how our personal information is being gathered and used.
The concept of digital citizenship then becomes a factor that focuses on our identities while using the internet to engage and interact with other people.
What is personal information?
Personal information is the information used that can identify you as a person.
In South Africa, we have several laws that regulate the use of personal information. One of the most usedlegislation is the Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act (No. 4 of 2013). In conjunction with the POPI Act, there is the Electronic Communications and Transactions (ECT) Act (No. 25 of 2002) and Cybercrimes Bill (No. 23 of 2020). This legislation also impacts how your personal information is used on digital platforms.
The POPI Act and Cybercrimes Bill, defines personal information as:
“Information relating to the race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, national, ethnic orsocial origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, physical or mental health, well-being,disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth of the person.”
Understanding that our personal information is valuable is very important. Digitalcompanies use your personal information to send personalised adverts to you onyour mobile device. They are also able to track which websites you often visit , andwhich platforms you often browse.
Internet security
Security is defined as the freedom from potential harm caused by others. In specific reference to the internet, itbecomes an important factor as to how our personal information is being used, stored and tracked.
Internet security, more specifically, is a branch of computer security that is not only related to the internet. Internet securityincludes how your browser activity is being used and the information that is being shared on different networks. Thesenetworks could be based at home or work and in the form of wireless or wired networks.
Passwords
Passwords are secret phrases that we use to gain access to an account or specific domain on the internet. For example, when you want to access Facebook or other social media apps, you are required to enter a username and password.Using passwords to access these applications, ensures the security of your personal information on their platforms.
Cybercrimes can impact your social accounts or financial status. Most of the time it happens when your passwordsare not strong enough or if you click on a link in a spam email that opens a web page that “steals” your personalinformation. A strong password will help to reduce the risk of your information being stolen.
The following are tips for a creating a strong password:
- have a minimum of 8 characters
- use at least one capital letter
- include numbers in the password
- include a symbol in the password
Digital citizenship
In our modern-day interactions we see people face to face. However, development in e-Communication enables us toengage and communicate with people on an international scale. Engaging with people over long distances requires us touse digital platforms and the internet to connect with them.
The way we use our knowledge to communicate using various technologies and platforms, engage with other people and communities, or participate in online social events, refers to our digital citizenship.
As a digital citizen you are still interacting with another person, so you should always work towards friendly and positive interactions with other people.
An example of engagement on a social media platform is when you comment on, for example, a Facebook post or in an interactive forum. These platforms allow for people to reply tomessages and to have discussions around certain topics.
Network types
The comparison between the internet and the map of South Africa in Activity 12 was used to illustrate how cities wereconnected and how devices can be connected on a global scale. There are different types of networks. These are based on their specific use and the purpose for which they are intended.
Below are four regularly used networks:
- Personal Area Network (PAN)
These networks are small, normally used by asingle person and the most basic form of a network. They could consist of a wireless modem, one or more computers orlaptops, phones, tablets or printers.
- Local Area Network (LAN)
This network is used to connect groups of computers or laptops over short distances, normally in one building or floor,to share information and resources.
- Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
These networks are the same LANs but make use of different hardware to enable wireless connections. They don’t rely on cables to connect devices tothe router.
- Wide Area Network (WAN)
In principle, this is the same as a LAN. The major difference is that it connects computers or laptops across greater distances. This network allows devices and computers to communicate even if they are long distances apart.
Network hardware
To connect devices such as computers or laptops to a network you will need physical network hardware. The type ofnetwork you want to connect, will determine the type of network hardware you will need. Here are some of the basiccomponents that networks can consist of:
- Wi-Fi router
Wi-Fi routers have become the norm for daily use. They are used in malls,schools, offices and even homes to provide a connection point for digitaldevices and network switches.
- Network hub
Hubs are used to connect a group of computers or laptops that could belocated on a floor or section of a building.
They can only connect through the hub to the network ofthe company or organisation.
- Server
The main purpose of a server is to provide a place where information can be stored and computers or laptopsconnected to the network can access the resources or files on the server.
- Network switch
Switches are used to connect hubs and enables communication between the hubs and the server.
Web browser types and URLs
To access the internet, you have to use an internet browser. There are different internet browsers available to use.These include Google Chrome, Windows Edge and Firefox. The browsers are all free to use but to access moreadvanced features requires you to sign up and create an account.
Web browsers make use of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) addresses to locate the website you wish to visit. Eachwebsite has a unique URL linked to it. Here is a typical example of what a URL will look like:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMxx9XEF6m0
When you copy the URL into a web browser URL bar and press enter, it will immediately try to access the websiteaddress contained in the URL. You can access URL links on most devices using a web browser application that hasbeen installed on the device.
Browsers all have a similar layout. At the top are of the browser window you will normally find Tabs, which you canuse to open different websites. There is a URL bar into which you can type a website URL. There is space to sign inand a text bar that can be used to search the internet.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Humans have always had the unique ability to think and problem-solve. With advancements in technological developments and algorithms, it has become possible to write programs that can enable machines to thinklike humans and to mimic their actions.
AI is the intelligence demonstrated by machines. These algorithms and programming enables machines to learnnew things and problem-solve. Some examples of the use of AI by machines include online translating tools,speech recognition software, chatbots, face detection and recognition, Google Maps, etc.
Augmented Reality (AR)
The way in which you perceive the world around you is called reality. The ability to augment this reality has become real.AR is the interactive experience of a real-world environment where objects in the real world are improved or changed by computer-generated visual information. These changes can include more than one sensory system including visual, auditory and haptic feedback.
AR is different from Virtual Reality (VR).
VR involves the complete immersion in the experience, whereas AR focuses on enhancing the current reality. Some examples of AR include the Dulux Visualizer, Sephora – Virtual Artist, and Disney, which makes 2D characters come to life in 3D. In the education space, it is being used to make textbooks interactive by converting images into 3D models that learners can move around.
Internet of Things (IoT)
In the past, you could not accurately tell what your pulse rate was unless you visited a doctor. With the advancements in technology, you can now accurately measure it by using your mobile device or smartwatch. You can also monitor your steps, heart rate and even in some cases do an electrocardiogram (EKG). This informationcan then be uploaded via an application, which in turn tracks your health.
This ability to connect to various sensors, software, and other technologies that form part of everyday items thatpeople use, is how the IoT works. Your monitored stats are all connected to a network and “communicates” with one another by sending the data to the relevant applications.
Big Data
Big Data is the term used to describe large amounts of data that would be too complex to process using traditional data-processing methods. Big Data is currently being used in applications of predictive analytics, user behaviour analytics, and other processing where it’s difficult to extract valuable data from large data sets.
The benefit of using Big Data analytics is that trends that would normally be missed by traditional processes can easily be spotted, and this could enable users to, for example, prevent or minimise the spread of diseases by picking up hotspots and alerting authorities.
Robotics
Robotics consists of two merging fields: Coding and Engineering. Learners are introduced to the fundamental mechanical and electrical engineering systems and circuits that are used in Robotics. The Robotics Strand primarily uses the Engineering Design Process and infuses the concepts of Computational Thinking into the process.
Robotics is a combination of Engineering and Computer Science that involves thedesign, construction and operation of robots. The goal of Robotics is to design intelligent machines that can assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
In this Strand, learners will be taught the following:
- creating logical steps that robots can follow
- basic Mechanical Systems including pulleys, gears and linkages
- basic electrical circuits.
Robots are often used to complete repetitive tasks such as assemblies on manufacturing lines, military applications, intelligent home applications, and health services. Their existence has enabled people to completecertain jobs and has minimised the strain and stress on peoples’ bodies. There is a big move towards creating workplaces where people work alongside robots, and in doing so reducing the risk of injuries to the people.
Electric circuits
The human body has a nervous system and blood vesselsconnecting different organs in the body. In the same way, a robothas different electric circuits connecting its sensors and motors tomake it work. These circuits consist of various components including batteries, microcontrollers, sensors, etc. Each component plays a critical role in the circuitry of the robot to make it work.
The actual construction of the circuits when compared to the drawing of the circuits is very different. Circuit drawingsrequire a specific method to indicate each component in the diagram. There are standardised symbols that we use when we complete these circuit drawings.
Mechanical systems
Mechanical systems and components make up the “body” of the robot. If compared to the human body, we can say that the mechanical systems could represent the bones, joints, hands, or feet of the robot.
These mechanical systems consist of levers, gears, pulleys and fasteners.Levers and pulleys play a critical part in transferring weight andbalancing of the robot. Gears are what make it possible to increase ordecrease the speed at which motors run, open and close grippingmechanisms, and make mechanical arms move up and down. Fastenersare the joints of the robot and thus join the pieces together. They come in various shapes and sizes, which can be used in different applications.
Microcontrollers
Every robot needs a brain. The brains for robots are found in the form of a microcontroller. These are small littlecircuit boards that function as a complete computer. You can connect various components to the microcontroller so that they can either provide inputs or outputs.
Inputs could be typical information provided by sensors or programs and codes that have been
written to instruct the robot to perform a specific task. Outputs can be the mechanical components performing the workbased on the inputs that have been translated into an action for the mechanical parts.
Microcontrollers come in various sizes, which depends on the requirements they need to adhere to for a specific projector robot they are used in. The most used microcontrollers are Arduino and Micro bit.
3D Printers
3D printing has various applications. These rangefrom civil engineering to mechanical and medicalprofessions.
In the manufacturing world, they used to work with machines that caused considerable wastage of material. With the development of 3D printing, manufacturing has started moving to a concept called additive manufacturing. This concept focuses on minimising wastage in the production process.
3D Printing in Coding and Robotics enables learners to design customised parts and components that they will usein the robots they design. These designs will be made using Computer-Aided Design Software (CAD) and then loaded into a 3D printing application that will print the designs.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Design has been an integral part of the development of new machines, tools and other items used in everyday life.Before computers, the items and machines needed to be designed by hand. When corrections had to be made, it wouldtake a long time to fix the completed design. If something small had to change in designs that were done withoutcomputers, designers usually had to redo the whole design.
With the introduction of computers and the ability to do engineering design on them, the way design is being donein the manufacturing world has changed. Products can now be designed, assembled, and modelled even beforethey have been produced.
This ensures that every part will work together. The designs can bedrawn in 2D or 3D formats.
The design programs are called Computer-Aided Design (CAD)programs. They can do things such as stress analysis, assemblies, and 2-dimensional drawings of completed designs. These programs have revolutionised the way manufacturing takes place and have saved the designers time and money when planning to manufacture products.
Electrical circuits
Electrical circuits in a robot manage the inputs and outputs that make the robot work by switching various components on and off at the required time.
The electrical circuits connect the different sensors and input devices used for input to the brain of the robot. The brain is where the input is then converted into understandable instructions for the robot.
The electrical circuits are critical to transferring the digital signals to the correct parts of the robot, which are then transferred into various outputs and actions.
Electrical components
Electrical components are the basic building blocks of electric circuits or electric systems. The components are responsible for the flow of electrons through the electric circuit or system.
- switches – toggle and pushbutton switches
- Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) with either 1 colour or multiple colours
- small DC motors
- batteries – small batteries with a supply of up to 4,5 V
- power supplies with a 12 V supply
- sensors – humidity, light, ultrasonic
- wires
- diodes
- metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MosFets) – used for H-Bridges with microcontrollers
Electrical symbols
Electric circuits show how different electrical components will be connected. Each electrical component has an international standardised symbol that can be used to show the component when drawing the circuit.
Ampere, Volts and Resistance
There are three primary International Systems of Units (SI) that we use in the measurements in electrical circuits. These are areAmpere, Volts and Resistance.
Ampere is the base SI unit of measurement for electrical current. Ampere is defined as themeasurement of the rate of electron flow in an electrical conductor.
Volts is the SI unit that measures the electrical potential at a given point in an electrical circuit. Electricalpotential is the difference in potential energy per unit between two locations in an electric circuit.
Resistance is an electrical quantity that is used as the SI unit of measurement of the ability toreduce the flow of electrical current in various devices or materials.
Resistance can be explained by using the analogy of water flowing through a hosepipe. The bigger thediameter of the pipe, the more water will be able to flow. When the pipe is smaller, less water will flow.So, the bigger pipe offers less resistance to the water flow, while the smaller pipe offers moreresistance and restricts the flow of water.
Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
(AC) and direct current (DC)
Electricity flows in two ways: either as direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Recall that current is the flow ofelectrons through a conductor such as a copper wire. In DC, the electrons flow in one direction only, whereas, in AC, theelectrons keep switching direction – that is alternating between forward and backward. Household appliances typically useAC, but some, for example, laptops, mobile phones and
tablets, use DC. The main advantage of AC is itsability to be transmitted over long distances.Inverters are used to switch between DC and AC and vice versa.
For Coding and Robotics, we will use DC only.
Electricity basic safety
One of the most important aspects of electricity is the safety regulations that need to beadhered to. In some cases, the current will be harmless but when components and circuitsstart using higher voltages and currents it is important that basic safety rules arefollowed.
Always follow these basic safety rules when working with electricity:
- Always make sure that the electrical apparatus you use is properly earthed.
- Check the wiring on the electrical apparatus for wear and tear.
- Work in well-lit areas where you can see what you are doing.
- Plug electrical apparatus in while the outlet is still switched off, and only switch it on when the apparatus is plugged in.
- Never touch exposed wires.
- Use tools rated for use in electrical work.
- Work on anti-static mats when working with small current items like those used in microcontrollers.
- Keep working spaces clean and clear of litter and clutter.
Mechanical systems
Mechanical systems are responsible for supporting the movements and structure of the robot.
The type of robot that is being built will determine what type of mechanical structures it will consist of. Sometimes it can bevery basic and other times very complex. The basic components that we will use in Coding and Robotics will include the following:
- levers
- pulleys
- gears
- linkages
- fasteners.
Force
Force is a term used in physics. A force is any interaction that will affect the motion of an object. When a forceis applied to an object, it will either stop or start that object; or cause it to move in a different direction.
Newton
The SI unit used to measure force is the newton (N). It is named after Isaac Newton because of his work done on classical mechanics.
Mass
Mass is a physical property of an object or body and a measure of its resistance to move when a force is applied to it.
Levers
Levers are classified as simple machines that consist of a beam that is fixed to a certain point. The beam is a rigidbody that can rotate on a point without breaking. The point where the lever is fixed to a specific point is referred toas the pivot or fulcrum.
Levers are useful because they make it possible to move heavy objects by reducing the amount of effort that isneeded to move it. There are three key terms used when working with levers. These are:
- Load – a force and normally the weight that needs to be moved.
- Effort – a force that is used to move a load
- Fulcrum – the pivot point or support about which thelever can pivot and move.
Mechanical advantage (MA)
MA is defined as the measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device, or system. Thedevice or system used preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain therequired output force. The main reason for using MA in robots and engineering is because it allows work to bedone more effectively. By using the right design, you can reduce the amount of effort it takes to perform a specifictask.
Pulleys
A pulley is defined as a wheel with a rim that is mounted on an axle or shaft thatis designed to support change of direction or movement in a cable or belt.Additionally, they can be used to transfer power between a shaft and cable or belt.Pulleys are very useful when you need to lift heavy items or when you want to transfer movement between an axle and a gear or drive shaft.
The principle is that the more pulleys you use, the lighter the weight becomes, atthe cost of the movement being slower since the rope or cable should passthrough more than one pulley. In the image below you can see objects with agiven force being moved using different combinations of pulleys.
Gears
Gears are another mechanical component that transmits power from onegear pairs, but there can also be more than two gears in a system. Thetype of gears you use can also change the direction of the force and transfer the movement from one direction to another.to another.
Coding and Robotics learners will be working with various types of gears. Which they work with will depend on the type of movement they need and the type of movement that would need to be transferred in the robots they build.
Linkages
The easy way to understand linkages is to relate them to limbs.They are different sections that are assembled in such a waythat they can manage various forces and movements. These sections or links are used to connect two or more other links by different types of joints.
These joints could be simple hinges, sliding, joints, or ball and socket joints.
Fasteners
To join two or more objects together we need to use fasteners. Fasteners arethe components we use that allows us to mechanically join objects together.Which ones we use depends on their purpose and whether or not to allowfor movement or join the objects in such a way that they won’t be able tomove. Typical examples of fasteners that will be used in Coding and Robotics are:
- screws
- nuts and bolts
- nails
- staples.
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are primarily a compressed microcomputer that has been manufactured to control functions thathave been embedded in the system it is used for. This means that microcontrollers – unlike computers – are verygood at a specific task and that task alone.
Microcontrollers can be used in applications such as office machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles,and various other platforms. They consist of components, such as memory, peripherals, and a processor, whichare similar to the ones found in computers.
Types of microcontrollers
The industry for microcontrollers is very competitive and offers a variety of controllers. One of the most usedplatforms is Arduino and Micro bit. We will primarily be focussing on these two single- board microcontrollers.
oth microcontrollers have their own processors, memory and input and output connections. These are specificallydesigned for use in applications that are more focused on controlling output devices.
Input-output process
The input-output (IO) process is the process that lies at the heart of computers. Because microcontrollers are microcomputers, this same principle applies to the way they work. The basic definition of a computer is a device that stores and processes datain a binary form that relies on the instructions that have been given in a program. These programs consist of codes thatmake up the program where each statement is responsible for a specific task.
The type of microcontroller you are going to use is dependent on the number of connections that are going to berequired. An example of the IO connection on an Arduino Uno microcontroller is given below.
Input-Process-Output (IPO)
The components, together with the microprocessor can be combined to create an Input-Process- Output (IPO)model. Input devices provide data to the microcontroller, which in turn manipulates or makes decisions based on theinput, referred to as the process, and provides a desired output.
Input devices
Input devices are often simple components such as push-buttons, switches, dials, joysticks, keypads, keyboards, etc.Other examples of input devices are sensory devices such as thermometers, light detectors, sound detectors,humidity detectors and proximity detectors. Input devices typically provide the microcontroller with external information.
Output devices
Output devices are components such as speakers, LEDs, buzzers, DC Motors, servos and stepper motors. In mostcases, an input device would trigger some process within the microcontroller, which will in turn affect one or more output devices.
Programming platforms for microcontrollers
Each process within the microcontroller can be programmed before its operation. How each process is executedwill depend on the instructions provided by the programmer. Programs are typically written on a computer andcopied onto a memory chip of the microcontroller.
For Micro bit, mBlock is a very popular choice. mBlock allows the user to write their code using a block-codingstyle but also allows the user to write their own line-based code in a programming language, such as Python.
For Arduino, block-based programs such as mBlock or Scratch can be used to write the code. However, Arduinoalso allows the user to write in a line-based programming language, such as Python or C.
Algorithms and coding
Every day we communicate with various people using one of the 11 official languages in South Africa. Through thiscommunication, we use language as a method to share ideas, thoughts, and in some instances instructions. In the same way that we communicate with each other, programming software also uses a specific way of communicating that enables it to understand what you would like to do.
In Coding and Robotics, there is a clear difference between the Coding Stream, which focuses on software development, and the Robotics Stream, which focuses on the development and programming of robots.
The Programming languages that we will use during the Orientation for Coding and Robotics are Python for Coding, C for Robotics, and HTML for application skills.
Programming languages
In coding, there is a process where you develop and write the code to perform a specific function, which could relate todoing calculations, handling data, and automating processes. These codes are written in Python, which is used for datahandling. There are various platforms that we will use to learn how to use the language.
In the Coding and Robotics curriculum, there are four different methods to learn the Coding and Robotics languages. These are:
In the Foundation Phase, code cards with the basic coding instructions will be used.
In the Intermediate Phase, learners will be introduced to block-based coding.
In Grade 7 of the Senior Phase, learners will move from block-based coding to hybrid coding that includes blocks linked to text-based coding.
In Grades 8 and 9 of the Senior Phase, learners will move to text-based coding.
Algorithms and flow charts
An algorithm is a sequence of steps that need to be followed to solve a specific problem.
For example, the sequence of steps required to make coffee could be:
- boil water
- add one teaspoon of coffee to an empty mug
- add one teaspoon of sugar
- add boiling water until the cup is about [3/4] full
- add 30 ml of milk
- stir with a spoon
This may not be an ideal cup of coffee for every single person, but it may be the steps that are followed by millions of people every day.
Other everyday examples of algorithms include baking and cooking. We simply follow instructions from a recipe(algorithm) to reach a desired goal.
In coding, there are hundreds of different programming languages. We therefore need a way ofcommunicating algorithms that would be readable not only by programmers but by non- programmers as well.
There are two ways of communicating algorithms in coding – flow charts and pseudocode. To illustrate thedifferences, let’s suppose we have an obstacle avoidance robot. An obstacle avoidance robot is programmed tomove forward if nothing is blocking its path. In the event of an obstacle blocking its path, the robot will make a 90 degree turn clockwise. If nothing is blocking its path, it will continue moving forward.
I am very excited about this coming subject. I can’t wait.
us as well!