A comprehensive glossary of terms used in the CAPS (Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement) curriculum. This resource helps South African teachers understand and use key educational terminology across all phases and subjects.
1
1, 2, and 3: The Foundation Phase is the initial stage of formal education in the General Education and Training (GET) Band in South Africa. It comprises Grades R, 1, 2, and 3, during which learners acquire foundational knowledge, skills, and attitudes across various learning areas.
1, 2, and 3: The Foundation Phase is the initial stage of formal education in the General Education and Training (GET) Band in South Africa. It comprises Grades R, 1, 2, and 3, during which learners acquire foundational knowledge, skills, and attitudes across various learning areas.
2
2-D
two-dimensional; a flat surface having or appearing to have length and breadth: This term refers to a surface or shape that exists only in two dimensions, such as a square or a circle. It has length and width but no thickness or depth.
3
3-D
three-dimensional; an object or solid having or appearing to have length, breadth, and thickness: This term describes objects or shapes that have three dimensions—length, width, and depth. They have volume and occupy space, unlike 2-D shapes.
A
A parallelogram is a four-sided polygon with opposite sides that are parallel. Its opposite sides are also equal in length.
active listening
when a person tries to put themselves in the place of the speaker and listens seriously to what is being said: Active listening refers to the skill of fully focusing on and engaging with a speaker during a conversation or presentation. It involves paying attention, interpreting the message, and providing appropriate responses or feedback.
additional language
a language learned in addition to the home language: This term refers to a language that is acquired or studied by a person in addition to their primary or home language. It could be a second language learned for communication or an additional language learned for academic or professional purposes.
additive multilingualism
when a person learns a language (or languages) in addition to their home language: Additive multilingualism describes the process of acquiring and using multiple languages without replacing or diminishing the value of one’s home language. It emphasizes the positive and enriching aspects of learning and using different languages.
analogue time
time read from a clock with a face and hands: Analogue time refers to the representation of time using traditional clocks with hour and minute hands on a circular face. It involves reading the positions of the hands to determine the time.
antonym
a word that means the opposite of another word, e.g., ‘big’ and ‘small’ are antonyms: An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word. For example, “hot” and “cold” are antonyms because they represent opposite temperature conditions.
area
the amount of surface covered by a two-dimensional shape, measured in square units: Area refers to the measurement of the surface enclosed by a two-dimensional shape. It is expressed in square units, such as square centimeters or square meters.
assessment
a continuous planned process of gathering information on learner performance, measured against the assessment standards: Assessment is an ongoing process of collecting and evaluating information about a learner’s performance and progress. It involves measuring their achievements and skills against predetermined assessment standards or criteria.
assessment standards
the knowledge, skills, and values that learners need to show to achieve the learning outcomes in each grade: Assessment standards are specific benchmarks or criteria that define the expected knowledge, skills, and values that learners should demonstrate in order to meet the learning goals or outcomes of a particular grade level.
audience
the person or people who will listen to, read, or view a particular text: The audience refers to the intended recipients or individuals who will engage with a specific text, whether it’s a speech, written document, or visual presentation. It encompasses the readers, listeners, or viewers targeted by the communication.
auditory discrimination
the ability to distinguish between the separate sounds of a language: Auditory discrimination involves the skill of differentiating and recognizing individual sounds in spoken language. It refers to the ability to identify and distinguish between distinct phonetic elements or phonemes.
authentic texts
texts that are found in the real world, e.g., magazine and newspaper articles, recordings from radio and television, advertisements, labels from packets, brochures, forms, letters: Authentic texts are real-world written or spoken materials that are created for genuine purposes and not specifically designed for educational contexts. They include a wide range of sources, such as articles, advertisements, letters, and recordings, which reflect how language is used in authentic situations.
B
bar graph
uses vertical or horizontal bars to represent information: A bar graph is a graphical representation that uses either vertical or horizontal bars to display and compare data. Each bar’s length or height corresponds to the value or quantity being represented.
barriers to learning
physical, social, or other factors that prevent a learner from learning or taking part in activities: Barriers to learning refer to obstacles or challenges that impede a learner’s ability to engage fully in the learning process. These can be physical, such as disabilities, or social, such as discrimination or lack of resources.
baseline assessment
initial assessment used to find out what learners already know: Baseline assessment is an initial evaluation conducted at the beginning of a learning program or unit to determine learners’ existing knowledge, skills, and understanding. It provides a starting point for instruction and helps tailor teaching to students’ needs.
bias
a tendency to favor one thing over another: Bias refers to a preference or inclination toward a particular perspective, opinion, or outcome, often leading to an unfair or unbalanced representation of information. It involves a partiality that may influence judgments or decisions.
blends, blending
an aspect of phonics in which children learn how to put together two or three letters to make a sound (e.g., ‘spr’ in ‘spread’): Blending, in the context of phonics, involves combining individual sounds represented by letters or letter combinations to form words. Blends are two or three consonant sounds that are pronounced together, such as “spr” in “spread” or “str” in “strong.”
C
capacity
the amount of space inside a container measured in milliliters, liters, or kiloliters; it is used mostly for liquids (see also volume): Capacity refers to the measure of how much a container can hold, typically in terms of liquids. It is measured in units such as milliliters, liters, or kiloliters.
code-switching
switching from one language to another for a purpose: Code-switching involves the practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or communication context. It can occur for various reasons, including expressing identity, accommodating multilingual environments, or conveying specific concepts or emotions more effectively.
coherent
something which makes logical sense. A coherent paragraph is one in which there is a clear development of ideas, and in which sentences have clear logical links: Coherent refers to something that is logical, well-organized, and internally consistent. In the context of writing, a coherent paragraph or text presents ideas in a clear and connected manner, with sentences and paragraphs that flow logically and are linked effectively.
collocation
words that typically go together or that cluster around the same topic or subject matter (e.g., ‘fish and chips’): Collocation refers to the habitual or natural pairing of words that often occur together due to language conventions, idiomatic expressions, or shared semantic relationships. Examples include “fish and chips,” “make a decision,” or “fast asleep.”
cone
a three-dimensional object or solid with a circular base tapering to a point, called the vertex or apex: A cone is a geometric shape that consists of a circular base and a pointed vertex or apex. It has a curved surface that gradually narrows or tapers from the base to the vertex.
conjunction
a word used to join two clauses in a sentence (e.g., ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘so’): A conjunction is a word used to connect or join words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. Common conjunctions include “and,” “but,” “or,” and “so.”
consonant cluster
consonants that occur together in consistent patterns in a language (e.g., ‘str’ in ‘stripe’, ‘string’, and ‘strange’): A
consonant cluster refers to a sequence of two or more consonant sounds that appear together in a word or syllable without an intervening vowel sound. Examples include “str” in “stripe,” “string,” and “strange.”
context
the situation in which a text is created and interpreted: Context refers to the surrounding circumstances, environment, or setting in which a text is produced or understood. It includes factors such as the author’s background, the intended audience, the purpose of the communication, and the cultural or social context in which it is embedded.
continuous assessment
an assessment model that encourages the integration of assessment into teaching and the development of learners through ongoing feedback: Continuous assessment, also known as formative assessment, involves the regular and ongoing evaluation of a learner’s progress and understanding throughout the learning process. It focuses on providing feedback and support to enhance learning and development.
critical outcomes
together with the developmental outcomes, key outcomes of the National Curriculum Statement inspired by the Constitution; they include core life skills for learners, such as communication, critical thinking, activity and information management, group and community work, and evaluation skills: Critical outcomes, along with developmental outcomes, are essential goals or objectives defined in the National Curriculum Statement. They emphasize the development of critical life skills and competencies in learners, such as effective communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, and evaluation abilities.
cube
a polyhedron with six square faces: A cube is a three-dimensional geometric solid with six square faces of equal size. It has eight vertices and twelve edges.
cylinder
a three-dimensional object or solid with a curved wall standing at right angles to its circular base, making the top and base identical: A cylinder is a geometric shape that consists of two parallel circular bases connected by a curved surface, which is perpendicular to the bases. It has two congruent circular faces and a curved lateral surface.
D
data
information: Data refers to information or facts that are collected, analyzed, and used for various purposes, such as research, decision-making, or statistical analysis. It can be in the form of numbers, measurements, observations, or qualitative descriptions.
decreasing
getting smaller: Decreasing refers to the process of becoming smaller in quantity, size, or value. It signifies a reduction or decline in magnitude or intensity.
developmental outcomes
together with the critical outcomes, key outcomes of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9 (Schools) that are inspired by the Constitution; they include enabling learners to learn effectively and to become responsible, sensitive, and productive citizens: Developmental outcomes, along with critical outcomes, are important objectives outlined in the National Curriculum Statement for Grades R-9. They aim to foster effective learning in learners and help them develop into responsible, empathetic, and productive members of society.
diagonal
a line joining one vertex of a polygon to an opposite vertex: A diagonal is a straight line segment that connects two nonadjacent vertices of a polygon, such as a quadrilateral or a hexagon. It is drawn inside the polygon and does not coincide with any of its sides.
diagraph
two letters used to refer to a single sound. In English, there are consonant diagraphs (e.g., ‘th’, ‘sh’) and vowel diagraphs (e.g., ‘ea’, ‘ee’): A diagraph consists of two letters that represent a single sound or phoneme. In English, there are consonant diagraphs like “th” in “that” or “sh” in “ship,” and vowel diagraphs like “ea” in “head” or “ee” in “seed.”
digital time
time read from a clock that has a continually changing digit display rather than a clock face: Digital time refers to the representation of time using numerals or digits displayed on
dimensions
measurements of an object or shape (e.g., length, breadth, height, radius, circumference): Dimensions refer to the measurements or attributes that describe the size, extent, or proportions of an object or shape. They include properties such as length, width, height, radius, or circumference, depending on the specific geometric context.
directionality
the fact that in English we read from left to right, and when we come to the end of a row of print, we must begin on the left-hand side again: Directionality refers to the concept and understanding that written language in English (and many other languages) is read and written horizontally from left to right. It involves recognizing the sequence of letters and words and following the natural flow of reading.
diversity
differences among learners that can be used to enhance the learning experience: Diversity refers to the wide range of individual differences, characteristics, and backgrounds that exist among learners. It encompasses factors such as race, ethnicity, language, culture, abilities, disabilities, and socio-economic status. Embracing diversity in education promotes inclusivity, understanding, and the recognition of unique perspectives and experiences.
F
face
a flat surface of an object or solid: In geometry, a face refers to a flat surface of a three-dimensional object or solid. It is one of the polygonal surfaces that bound the object and can be identified as a side or surface of the shape.
flow diagram
a diagram that shows the steps to be followed in solving a problem: A flow diagram, also known as a flowchart or process diagram, visually represents the sequential steps or stages involved in solving a problem or completing a task. It uses different shapes and arrows to illustrate the flow of actions and decisions.
foreign language
a language spoken beyond the borders of South Africa (e.g., French): A foreign language is a language that is not the native or official language of a particular country or region. It is typically spoken and used beyond the borders of that country. For example, French is a foreign language in South Africa.
Formal assessment tasks
planned assessment tasks that form part of the formal assessment program and are designed to assess learners against particular assessment standards: Formal assessment tasks are predetermined and structured assessments that are intentionally designed to evaluate learners’ performance and achievement in relation to specific assessment standards. These tasks are part of the formal assessment program within the curriculum.
formative assessment
a form of assessment that assesses learner progress during the learning process to provide feedback that will strengthen learning: Formative assessment is an ongoing evaluative process that occurs during the learning process to gather information about learners’ progress, understanding, and skills. Its primary purpose is to provide feedback, guidance, and support to enhance learning and inform instructional decisions.
free writing
when learners are given the freedom to write whatever they like without worrying about mistakes. Learners should be encouraged to write as much as possible: Free writing refers to a writing activity or exercise in which learners are encouraged to write spontaneously and expressively without worrying about grammar, spelling, or structure. It promotes fluency, creativity, and uninhibited expression of ideas and thoughts.
free writing
when learners are given the freedom to write whatever they like without worrying about mistakes. Learners should be encouraged to write as much as possible: Free writing refers to a writing activity or exercise in which learners are encouraged to write spontaneously and expressively without worrying about grammar, spelling, or structure. It promotes fluency, creativity, and uninhibited expression of ideas and thoughts.
G
General Education and Training Band (GET)
Grades R to 9: The General Education and Training (GET) Band encompasses the range of grades from R to 9 in the South African education system. It includes the Foundation Phase (Grades R-3), Intermediate Phase (Grades 4-6), and Senior Phase (Grades 7-9), during which learners acquire fundamental knowledge, skills, and competencies across different learning areas.
General Education and Training Band (GET)
Grades R to 9: The General Education and Training (GET) Band encompasses the range of grades from R to 9 in the South African education system. It includes the Foundation Phase (Grades R-3), Intermediate Phase (Grades 4-6), and Senior Phase (Grades 7-9), during which learners acquire fundamental knowledge, skills, and competencies across different learning areas.
graded readers
books that are written with grammar and vocabulary at different levels (e.g., 500-word level, 1000-word level): Graded readers are books or reading materials specifically designed for learners at different language proficiency levels. They are structured and written with controlled grammar and vocabulary, gradually increasing in complexity to match learners’ reading abilities and provide appropriate challenges.
graded readers
books that are written with grammar and vocabulary at different levels (e.g., 500-word level, 1000-word level): Graded readers are books or reading materials specifically designed for learners at different language proficiency levels. They are structured and written with controlled grammar and vocabulary, gradually increasing in complexity to match learners’ reading abilities and provide appropriate challenges.
grid paper
paper printed with vertical and horizontal lines making equal squares: Grid paper, also known as graph paper, is paper printed with a grid pattern of evenly spaced vertical and horizontal lines, resulting in squares of equal size. It is commonly used in mathematics and design-related activities to facilitate accurate drawing, plotting, or graphing.
grid paper
paper printed with vertical and horizontal lines making equal squares: Grid paper, also known as graph paper, is paper printed with a grid pattern of evenly spaced vertical and horizontal lines, resulting in squares of equal size. It is commonly used in mathematics and design-related activities to facilitate accurate drawing, plotting, or graphing.
H
histogram
a graph that shows the frequencies of grouped data: A histogram is a graphical representation that displays the frequencies or occurrences of data values within specific intervals or groups. It uses bars to represent each group’s frequency, with the width of each bar corresponding to the group’s interval and the height representing the frequency.
holistic
approaches to language that integrate all the skills and various kinds of knowledge in activities and do not focus on each in turn: Holistic approaches to language learning and teaching emphasize the integration of various language skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening) and knowledge areas (grammar, vocabulary, culture) in a comprehensive and interconnected manner. They aim to develop learners’ language proficiency through meaningful and authentic tasks and activities that combine different aspects of language use.
home language
the language that children learn through being immersed in it in their home and/or community. More than one language can be learned in this way, so learners can have more than one home language: The home language refers to the language or languages that children acquire naturally through exposure within their family or community environment. It is the language(s) spoken and used primarily in their home context. Learners can have more than one home language if they are exposed to and learn multiple languages in their upbringing.
horizontal
a horizontal line is drawn across the page: Horizontal refers to a direction or orientation parallel to the horizon or perpendicular to the vertical axis. In terms of a line or object, it is positioned or aligned in a side-to-side manner, extending horizontally from left to right or vice versa.
I
image
a picture or visual representation of something: An image refers to a visual representation or picture that represents something, whether concrete or abstract. It can be created through various media, including photographs, paintings, drawings, or digital graphics.
increasing
getting bigger: Increasing refers to the process or trend of becoming larger, greater, or more in quantity, size, or value.
integration
when learners use their knowledge and skills from other Learning Areas or from different parts of the same Learning Area to carry out tasks and activities: Integration in education refers to the process of combining or synthesizing knowledge, skills, and concepts from multiple learning areas or domains to solve problems, complete tasks, or engage in activities. It involves applying interconnected knowledge and skills from different sources to promote meaningful and holistic learning experiences.
Intermediate Phase
the second phase of the General Education and Training Band: Grades 4, 5, and 6: The Intermediate Phase is the second stage of the General Education and Training (GET) Band in South Africa. It comprises Grades 4, 5, and 6, during which learners build upon the foundational knowledge and skills acquired in the Foundation Phase and further develop their academic abilities across various learning areas.
intonation
a pattern of rise and fall in the pitch of one’s voice that contributes to the meaning of sentences (e.g., questions are spoken with a rising intonation): Intonation refers to the pattern of pitch changes in a person’s voice while speaking. It involves variations in the pitch, tone, and stress patterns that convey meaning, expression, and emphasis within sentences or utterances. For example, questions often have a rising intonation, while statements may have a falling or neutral intonation pattern.
K
kite
a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length, but not all four sides the same length: In geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral shape with two pairs of adjacent sides that are equal in length. However, the lengths of all four sides are not necessarily the same. The diagonals of a kite intersect at a right angle.
L
language of learning and teaching (LOLT)
the main language used in a particular learning and teaching environment: The language of learning and teaching (LOLT) refers to the primary or main language used as the medium of instruction in a specific educational setting or context. It is the language in which teaching and learning activities take place.
learner profile
an all-round record of a learner’s progress, including personal information, social development, support needs, samples of work, and annual reports: A learner profile is a comprehensive record or summary of a learner’s progress, achievements, abilities, and personal characteristics. It includes information about the learner’s personal details, social development, academic performance, support requirements, samples of work, and annual reports.
learning area statements
the statement for each Learning Area that sets out its Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards: Learning area statements are official documents or statements that outline the learning outcomes and assessment standards for each specific Learning Area within the curriculum. They provide a framework and guidelines for teaching, learning, and assessing the content, skills, and knowledge within a particular subject area.
learning areas
the eight fields of knowledge in the Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9 (Schools): Languages, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Technology, Social Sciences, Arts and Culture,
learning programs
programs of learning activities, including content, teaching methods, and assessment tasks: Learning programs refer to structured plans or frameworks that outline the sequence and organization of learning activities, content, teaching methodologies, and assessment tasks within a specific educational context or program. They provide guidance for instructional delivery and the development of learners’ knowledge, skills, and understanding.
literacies
The different kinds of literacy: reading and writing; cultural literacy (the cultural, social, and ideological values that shape our reading of texts); critical literacy (the ability to respond critically to the messages in texts); visual literacy (the reading/writing of images, signs, pictures, etc.); media literacy (the reading of newspapers, magazines, television, and film as cultural messages): Literacies refer to the various forms and dimensions of literacy skills and competencies that individuals develop to engage with different types of texts, media, and communication. These include reading and writing literacy, cultural literacy (understanding the social and cultural context of texts), critical literacy (analyzing and interpreting texts from a critical perspective), visual literacy (interpreting and creating visual representations), and media literacy (engaging with and critically evaluating media messages and information).
literacy
the ability to read and use written information and to write for different purposes. It is part of a general ability to make sense of one’s world: Literacy refers to the overall ability to read, comprehend, and effectively use written information as well as to write for various purposes. It involves the capacity to interpret, analyze, and communicate through written language, which is essential for understanding and navigating the world around us.
M
maximum
greatest: Maximum refers to the highest or greatest possible value, quantity, or extent within a given range or context.
meta-language
a language used to talk about language. It includes terminology such as ‘sound,’ ‘word,’ ‘sentence,’ ‘text,’ ‘context,’ ‘audience,’ etc.: Meta-language refers to the language or vocabulary used to discuss or describe language itself, its structures, components, and functions. It encompasses the specialized terminology and concepts used to analyze, describe, and explain linguistic elements such as sounds, words, sentences, texts, context, audience, and other aspects of language use and communication.
milestones
statements of what a Grade 1 to 3 learner should be able to do by the end of each term in the school year; milestones are set out in the Foundations for learning assessment framework and in Part 3 of this guide: Milestones refer to specific statements or benchmarks that outline the expected knowledge, skills, or achievements of Grade 1 to 3 learners by the end of each term in the academic year. They serve as guidelines and indicators of progress within the Foundations for Learning assessment framework and related educational resources.
minimum
smallest: Minimum refers to the lowest or smallest possible value, quantity, or extent within a given range or context.
mode
There are different modes of communication: the written mode, the spoken or oral mode, the visual mode (which includes graphic forms such as charts). Changing information from one mode to another (e.g., using a graph to write a passage, using information from an oral text to label a picture) is a very important part of language learning: Mode refers to the different forms or channels through which communication takes place. In language learning, there are various modes of communication, including written, spoken, and visual modes. The written mode involves using written language, such as texts or essays. The spoken or oral mode involves using spoken language, such as conversations or presentations. The visual mode involves using visual elements, such as images, charts, or diagrams. Being able to transfer or transform information from one mode to another is an essential skill in language learning and understanding different forms of communication.
multicultural
having more than one culture: Multicultural refers to the coexistence or integration of multiple cultures within a society or community. It acknowledges and values the diversity of cultures, traditions, languages, and customs that exist within a given context.
multilingual
having more than one language: Multilingual refers to the ability to speak, understand, or use multiple languages. Multilingual individuals are proficient or have knowledge of two or more languages.
multimedia
an integrated range of modes that could include text, visual material, sound, video, etc.: Multimedia refers to the combination of different media or modes of communication to convey information or messages. It involves integrating various elements such as text, images, audio, video, animations, or interactive features to create a rich and engaging learning or communication experience.
multimodal texts
texts designed to make use of more than one mode of communication (e.g., sound, print, and images): Multimodal texts are textual materials or resources that utilize multiple modes of communication simultaneously. They combine different elements, such as written text, images, sounds, videos, or interactive features, to convey meaning and enhance understanding.
N
net
a flat diagram from which a model of a polyhedron can be made: A net is a two-dimensional representation or diagram of a polyhedron, which is a three-dimensional solid or object. It is a flattened pattern that can be folded or assembled to create the corresponding three-dimensional shape.
number sequences
a set of numbers written in order and obtained according to some rule: Number sequences are sets of numbers arranged in a specific order or pattern according to a certain rule or formula. These sequences can follow arithmetic progressions (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8), geometric progressions (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16), or other patterns.
O
outcomes
the intended measurable results of a learning process in outcomes-based education: Outcomes refer to the intended measurable results or achievements that learners are expected to demonstrate as a result of the learning process. In outcomes-based education, the focus is on the attainment of specific learning outcomes or goals rather than simply completing tasks or activities.
outcomes-based education
a process and achievement-oriented, activity-based, and learner-centered education process. The National Curriculum Statement is outcomes-based in nature and aims to encourage lifelong learning: Outcomes-based education is an educational approach that emphasizes the achievement of specific learning outcomes or competencies. It places importance on learners’ active engagement, application of knowledge and skills, and the development of lifelong learning abilities. The National Curriculum Statement in South Africa follows an outcomes-based approach.
P
parallel lines
lines that are always the same distance apart: Parallel lines are lines that never intersect or meet, no matter how far they are extended. They remain equidistant from each other at all points.
parallelogram
a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel:
perimeter
the total distance around a two-dimensional shape: Perimeter refers to the total length or distance around the boundary of a two-dimensional shape. It is calculated by adding up the lengths of all the sides of the shape.
perpendicular
at right angles to: Perpendicular refers to a relationship between two lines, segments, or surfaces that meet or intersect at a right angle (90 degrees). The lines or segments form a right angle where they intersect.
perspective
the relative distance, size, and proportion of objects viewed from a particular point: Perspective refers to the way objects or scenes are perceived and represented based on their relative distance, size, and proportion in relation to the viewer or a specific point of observation. It involves the representation of depth, spatial relationships, and three-dimensional aspects in a two-dimensional medium.
phoneme
the separate sounds of a language (e.g., ‘t’, ‘th’, ‘k’, ‘sh’, ‘ee/ea’, and ‘oa’ are all phonemes of English): A phoneme is the smallest distinct unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another. It represents a specific sound or group of sounds that have linguistic significance within a particular language.
phonemic awareness
the ability to distinguish between the separate sounds of the language (e.g., in English, to identify the same sound in ‘bad’, ‘sad’, ‘glad’, ‘mad’, and to distinguish between the sounds in ‘bed’, ‘bad’, ‘bud’, and ‘bird’): Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to recognize, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes or sounds in spoken language. It involves the awareness of the separate sounds and sound patterns in words, including the ability to distinguish between different sounds or phonemes and to blend, segment, or manipulate them.
phonic families
groups of words containing the same sound (e.g., ‘bad’, ‘sad’, ‘glad’, ‘mad’): Phonic families, also known as word families or phonogram families, are groups of words that share the same phoneme or sound pattern. They often have a common spelling pattern and belong to the same phonetic category, assisting learners in recognizing and decoding words with similar sounds.
phonics
the relationship between sounds and their spelling. This assists in word recognition when reading and helps learners to learn to spell: Phonics is an approach to teaching and learning reading and spelling that emphasizes the relationship between sounds and their corresponding letter or letter combinations. It involves teaching learners the sound-spelling correspondences in the language to support word recognition, decoding, and spelling skills.
pictograph
a graph that makes use of pictures (e.g., people, cars) to represent data: A pictograph is a type of graph or visual representation that uses pictures or symbols to convey information or data. Each picture or symbol represents a specific quantity or value, providing a visual representation of the data being communicated.
pie graph
a graph using sectors of a circle to show information: A pie graph, also known as a pie chart or circle graph, is a circular graph divided into sectors or slices that represent different categories or proportions of a whole. The size of each sector corresponds to the relative quantity or percentage it represents within the data set.
polygon
a two-dimensional figure with three or more straight sides: A polygon is a closed two-dimensional figure composed of straight sides or line segments. It consists of three or more line segments connected end-to-end to form a closed shape.
polyhedron
a solid that has four or more flat faces: A polyhedron is a three-dimensional solid or object with flat polygonal faces, straight edges, and sharp corners or vertices. It
portfolio of evidence
an individual file or folder of each learner’s work: A portfolio of evidence is a collection or compilation of an individual learner’s work, achievements, projects, or assessments that demonstrate their progress, skills, and abilities in a particular subject or area. It serves as a comprehensive record or showcase of their learning and accomplishments.
prism
a polyhedron in which all cross-sections taken parallel to a base are identical to the base: A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent polygonal bases that are parallel and connected by rectangular or parallelogram-shaped lateral faces. All the cross-sections or slices taken parallel to the base have the same shape and size as the base.
progression
when class teaching and learning materials are planned so that the learner gradually develops more complex, deeper, and broader knowledge, skills, and understanding: Progression refers to a planned sequence or continuum of teaching and learning materials, activities, or content where learners gradually advance in their knowledge, skills, and understanding. It involves a systematic progression from simpler concepts or skills to more complex or advanced ones, allowing learners to build upon their previous knowledge and experiences.
pyramid
a polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces: A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common vertex or apex. The base can be any polygon, such as a triangle, square, pentagon, etc., and the triangular faces connect the base to the apex.
Q
quadrilateral
a polygon with four straight sides: A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides or line segments. It is a closed two-dimensional figure with four vertices or corners.
R
reading vocabulary
words that a reader understands in context. Some of these words will be part of the reader’s active vocabulary (words they use). Others will be part of their passive vocabulary (words they can understand in context but do not know well enough to use): Reading vocabulary refers to the words that a reader can comprehend and understand when encountered in a text. It includes both active vocabulary (words that the reader uses actively in their own speaking and writing) and passive vocabulary (words that the reader can understand in context but may not use frequently or confidently in their own expression).
rectangle
a polygon with opposite sides the same length and four right angles; a parallelogram with right angles: A rectangle is a four-sided polygon with opposite sides of equal length and four right angles. It is a special type of parallelogram where all angles are right angles.
rectangular prism
a polyhedron in which all cross-sections taken parallel to the base are rectangles identical to the base: A rectangular prism, also known as a rectangular cuboid, is a three-dimensional solid with six rectangular faces. All the cross-sections or slices taken parallel to the base have the same shape and size as the base, which is a rectangle.
reflection (flip)
a transformation that produces a mirror image of the same shape and size as the original but reversed: Reflection, also known as a flip, is a transformation in which a shape or object is reflected or flipped across a line called the line of reflection. The reflected shape is a mirror image of the original shape, maintaining the same size and shape but reversed or flipped.
register
the words, style, and grammar used by speakers and writers in different contexts or situations (e.g., official documents are written in a formal register, legal documents are written in a legal register): Register refers to the variety of language used in a particular context, situation, or domain. It encompasses the specific words, style, vocabulary, and grammar that are appropriate and commonly used by speakers or writers within specific social, professional, or cultural
rhyme
words or lines of poetry that end with the same sound, including a vowel (e.g., bin, din, fin, grin): Rhyme refers to the repetition of similar or identical sounds at the end of words or lines of poetry. It involves the matching of vowel and consonant sounds, creating a pattern of sound repetition and musicality within a poem or verse.
rhythm
a regular and repeated pattern of sounds (e.g., of strongly and weakly stressed syllables): Rhythm refers to a regular and recurring pattern of sounds or beats. It involves the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables, creating a sense of musicality, flow, and pattern within spoken or written language.
rime
the part of the syllable from the first vowel onwards (e.g., s-at). It has the potential to rhyme: Rime, also known as the rime unit or rime pattern, refers to the vowel sound and any subsequent consonant sounds in a syllable. It includes the phonetic components of a syllable beyond the initial consonant sound. Rime has the potential to form rhyming words or contribute to rhyme within a poetic structure.
rotation (turn)
a transformation under which a slope or object is rotated (turned) around a fixed point (called the center of rotation) into a new position: Rotation, also known as a turn, is a transformation in which a shape or object is rotated or turned around a fixed point known as the center of rotation. The shape or object maintains its size and shape but changes its orientation or position in space.
S
scaffolding
When we ‘scaffold’ learning, learners are enabled to do things with support that they could not otherwise do. Once they are able to do the task independently, the temporary scaffolding can be taken away: Scaffolding refers to a supportive instructional technique or approach in which learners receive temporary assistance, guidance, or support from a teacher or more knowledgeable peers to accomplish tasks or solve problems that would be challenging or beyond their current capabilities independently. Scaffolding provides a structured framework that helps learners gradually develop their skills, knowledge, and understanding until they can perform the task or solve the problem unassisted.
scanning
to run your eyes over a text to find specific information: Scanning is a reading technique used to quickly search or skim through a text to locate specific information, keywords, or details of interest without reading the entire text in detail. It involves moving the eyes rapidly across the text, focusing on specific sections or keywords, and ignoring irrelevant information.
sight words
words that readers recognize automatically without having to decode them phonically. In the first stages of reading, sight words are usually frequently-occurring or ‘high frequency’ words like ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’, ‘a’, ‘the’, ‘are’, ‘were’, ‘my’, etc.: Sight words, also known as high-frequency words, are common words that readers recognize and read automatically without needing to decode them phonetically. These words are encountered frequently in written texts and often do not follow regular phonetic patterns. Early readers are taught to recognize sight words by sight rather than decoding them phonically, as they appear frequently and are essential for reading fluency and comprehension.
skimming
to read a text very quickly to get an overview: Skimming is a reading technique used to quickly glance through a text to get a general understanding or overview of its content. It involves rapidly moving the eyes over the text, focusing on headings, subheadings, keywords, and the first and last sentences of paragraphs to grasp the main ideas or topics without reading every word or sentence in
solid
a three-dimensional object: A solid refers to a three-dimensional object or figure that has length, width, and height or depth. It occupies space and has a definite shape and volume.
sphere
a three-dimensional ball-shaped object: A sphere is a three-dimensional geometric shape that is perfectly round and symmetrical in all directions. It is a ball-shaped object with every point on its surface equidistant from the center.
square
a polygon with four equal sides and four right angles; a rectangle with four equal sides: A square is a four-sided polygon with all sides of equal length and four right angles. It is a special type of rectangle in which all sides are equal.
stress
to give emphasis to a particular syllable in a word (e.g., the word ‘remind’ is stressed on its second syllable): Stress, in the context of language and pronunciation, refers to giving emphasis or prominence to a specific syllable within a word. It involves pronouncing that syllable with greater force, pitch, or duration, highlighting its significance or importance within the word.
syllable
a word or part of a word that contains a vowel sound or a consonant acting as a vowel: A syllable is a unit of pronunciation that contains a vowel sound or a consonant acting as a vowel. It is a basic building block of spoken language and can form a whole word or a part of a word. Syllables help to determine the rhythm, flow, and structure of words and sentences.
symbol
something that stands for or represents something else (e.g., ‘A red ribbon is a symbol of HIV/Aids.’): A symbol is an object, sign, word, or image that represents or stands for something else, often with a deeper or symbolic meaning. Symbols are used to convey ideas, concepts, or qualities beyond their literal representation, allowing for communication and expression of abstract or complex concepts.
symmetry
exists if a two-dimensional shape or three-dimensional object can be divided into two identical parts: Symmetry refers to a balanced arrangement or correspondence of parts on either side of a dividing line or axis. In geometry, symmetry exists when a two-dimensional shape or three-dimensional object can be divided into two identical or mirror-image parts. The two parts are reflections of each other, with the same shape, size, and arrangement of elements.
synonym
a word that has the same meaning or a similar meaning to another word (e.g., tidy and neat are synonyms): A synonym is a word that has the same or similar meaning as another word. Synonyms are often used to provide variety in language, avoid repetition, or convey shades of meaning. They allow for alternative word choices that share similar definitions, making language more rich, diverse, and nuanced.
T
tangram
a Chinese puzzle made up of seven pieces that form a square: A tangram is a traditional Chinese puzzle consisting of seven geometric shapes or pieces, known as tans, that can be arranged to form a square. The pieces include two large triangles, one medium triangle, two small triangles, one square, and one parallelogram. Tangrams are used for creative and spatial reasoning activities.
tempo
the speed of spoken words: Tempo refers to the speed or pace at which spoken words or music is performed or presented. It represents the rate at which words or sounds are articulated or delivered, influencing the rhythm, flow, and overall timing of spoken language.
tessellation
formed by fitting shapes together to cover a plane without overlapping or leaving gaps: Tessellation refers to the arrangement or tiling of shapes or figures in a repeated pattern that covers a two-dimensional plane without any overlaps or gaps. The shapes or figures fit together perfectly, edge to edge, creating a continuous and regular pattern.
text
written, spoken, or visual form of communication: In general terms, text refers to any form of communication that can be written, spoken, or presented visually. It includes written documents, spoken conversations or speeches, and visual representations such as images, graphs, or videos. Text is a means of conveying information, ideas, or messages.
three-dimensional (3-D)
an object or solid having or appearing to have length, breadth, and thickness: Three-dimensional, often abbreviated as 3-D, refers to objects or solids that have or appear to have length, breadth, and thickness. Unlike two-dimensional objects, which are flat, three-dimensional objects have depth and occupy space in three dimensions.
to recount
to tell about past events in a sequence (e.g., to say or write about what one did yesterday): To recount means to retell or describe past events or experiences in a sequential or chronological order. It involves providing a detailed account of what happened, typically focusing on the main events, actions, or occurrences in the order in which they occurred.
translation (slide)
a transformation under which a shape or object is moved by sliding into a new position: Translation, also known as a slide, is a transformation in which a shape or object is moved or shifted from one position to another without rotation or change in size or shape. The shape or object maintains its orientation and properties but changes its location or position in space.
trapezium
a quadrilateral with only one pair of opposite sides parallel: A trapezium, also known as a trapezoid, is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides that are parallel. The other two sides are not parallel and may have different lengths.
triangle
a polygon with three sides: A triangle is a polygon with three sides or line segments and three angles. It is the simplest polygon and the building block for more complex geometric shapes.
two-dimensional (2-D)
a flat surface having or appearing to have length and breadth: Two-dimensional, often abbreviated as 2-D, refers to objects or surfaces that are flat and have only length and breadth or width. They do not have depth or thickness, existing solely on a plane.
V
vertical
a vertical line is drawn up and down the page: Vertical refers to the direction or alignment that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. A vertical line or object is oriented straight up and down, perpendicular to the ground or a horizontal surface.
visual discrimination
distinguishing between the shape of different letters and words: Visual discrimination refers to the ability to perceive and distinguish between different shapes, patterns, or visual stimuli. In the context of literacy or reading, visual discrimination involves recognizing and differentiating between the shapes of letters, words, or visual elements within written text.
volume
the amount of space occupied by an object or the amount of space inside a container, measured in cubic units (see also capacity): Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object or the capacity of a container. It is measured in cubic units and represents the total amount of space enclosed or occupied.
W
word bank
a store or file of new words: A word bank is a collection or repository of words that serves as a resource or reference for learners. It can be a physical or digital store of new or unfamiliar words, providing a pool of vocabulary for learners to draw from or refer to when needed.
word problem
a mathematical problem that is presented in the form of a written or verbal statement: A word problem is a mathematical problem or scenario that is presented in the form of a written or verbal statement, rather than using mathematical symbols or equations. It requires the reader or learner to analyze the information provided, extract relevant data, and apply mathematical operations or strategies to find a solution.
word search
Letters are provided, and words are hidden within the grid, to be found by circling or highlighting them: A word search is a puzzle game in which a grid of letters is presented, and words are hidden within the grid. The objective is to find and circle or highlight the hidden words, which may be placed horizontally, vertically, diagonally, or even backwards within the grid.
worksheet
a printed or digital document that provides exercises or activities for students to complete: A worksheet is a printed or digital document that provides structured exercises, activities, or questions for students to complete as part of their learning or practice. Worksheets often focus on specific topics, skills, or concepts and serve as a tool for reinforcing or assessing understanding.
writing process
the series of steps involved in composing a piece of writing, including prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing: The writing process refers to the systematic series of steps or stages involved in producing a written work or composition. It typically includes prewriting (planning and generating ideas), drafting (writing the initial version), revising (making improvements and refining content), editing (checking and correcting errors), and publishing (sharing or finalizing the written piece).
written mode
the mode of communication that involves the use of written language: The written mode refers to the form of communication that relies on written language, such as texts, essays, reports, or letters. It involves conveying information, ideas, or messages through written symbols or characters that are understood by readers.
X
x-axis
the horizontal line on a graph that represents the independent variable: The x-axis is the horizontal line or axis on a graph that represents the independent variable. It is typically used to plot or represent the values or measurements of the independent variable, allowing for graphical representation and analysis.
Y
y-axis
the vertical line on a graph that represents the dependent variable: The y-axis is the vertical line or axis on a graph that represents the dependent variable. It is used to plot or represent the values or measurements of the dependent variable, providing a visual representation of its relationship to the independent variable.
year
a unit of time equal to 365 or 366 days, representing the time it takes for the Earth to complete one orbit around the sun: A year is a unit of time commonly used to measure the duration of the Earth’s orbital period around the sun. It is approximately equal to 365 days, but every fourth year is a leap year with 366 days to account for the additional time required for Earth’s orbit.
Z
Z-test
Z-tests are significantly different when the population standard deviations are known and the sample sizes are large: A z-test is a statistical test used to compare two population means and determine whether they are significantly different from each other. It is typically applied when the population standard deviations are known, and the sample sizes are large. The z-test utilizes the standard normal distribution and calculates the z-score to assess the significance of the difference between the means.
z-test
a statistical test used to determine whether the means of two populations
zero
the numerical value that represents the absence or lack of quantity or magnitude: Zero is a numerical value that represents the absence or lack of quantity, magnitude, or value. It is often used as a reference point, indicating a starting point, a neutral position, or a state of nothingness.
zone of proximal development
the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable person: The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a concept developed by psychologist Lev Vygotsky. It refers to the difference or gap between a learner’s current level of independent functioning or problem-solving abilities and their potential or optimal level of performance with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or peer. The ZPD highlights the importance of scaffolding and providing appropriate levels of challenge and support to facilitate learning and cognitive development.
zoomorphism
the attribution of animal characteristics to non-animal entities or beings: Zoomorphism is a literary or artistic device in which animal attributes, characteristics, or forms are ascribed to non-animal entities, objects, or beings. It involves representing or describing non-human things or concepts in terms of animal imagery or qualities.
zygote
a fertilized egg cell formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg during sexual reproduction: A zygote is a cell that results from the fusion or union of a sperm cell from the male parent and an egg cell from the female parent during sexual reproduction. It represents the earliest stage of development and contains the complete set of chromosomes from both parents, forming the basis for the growth and development of a new organism.