FET Subject Glossary: Geography, Science and Related Terms

A glossary of Geography, Natural Sciences, and related terms for FET Phase teachers. Quick reference definitions aligned with the CAPS curriculum for Grades 10-12.

A

A non-ecumene area

A non-ecumene area is a place where there are very few signs of human or animal life.

A normal fault

A normal fault occurs when rock is under tension and one block of rock drops down.

A nuclear meltdown

A nuclear meltdown is a catastrophic event that occurs when nuclear fission in a reactor goes out of control, causing a nuclear explosion and the release of large amounts of nuclear radiation.

A nucleated settlement

A nucleated settlement is an urban area where houses are close together.

A passive sensor

A passive sensor is a small sensor on a satellite that measures and records radiation that is reflected from the Earth.

A pediment

A pediment is the concave bottom part of a slope.

Abiotic

The non-living physical and chemical factors that make up the environment, such as water, air, and soil. These factors do not possess life, and they can have significant effects on the living organisms in an ecosystem. Examples of abiotic factors include temperature, sunlight, and pH levels.

Absorption

The process by which light and heat are taken in. This process is vital for many living organisms to function properly. For example, plants absorb light during photosynthesis to produce food, while animals absorb heat to regulate their body temperature. Absorption can occur through various mediums, such as air, water, and solids.

Abstraction

The erosion of a watershed that results in a slope with equal incline on both sides. This process can occur naturally over time or due to human activities, such as construction or deforestation. When the slope of a watershed becomes equal on both sides, the water flows more evenly, which can prevent flooding and soil erosion.

Academic and objective

Relating to the utilization of scholarly research and evidence-based information to analyze or interpret facts without personal bias or emotions.

Academic progression pathways

The progression of a student from one type of qualification that is approved for funding to another qualification that is also approved for funding in terms of a NSFAS approved academic pathway.

Academic Term

For University related studies, an academic term equates to an academic year or semester, dependent on the type of academic terms the qualification is composed of. For TVET College related studies, an academic term equates to a year, semester, or trimester, dependent on the type of academic terms the qualification is composed of.

Academically eligible student

Students that are registered on a NSFAS approved qualification at an institution who have satisfied relevant NSFAS academic progression criteria and N+ rules.

Acronym

An abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase or a group of words and creating a new word from them, such as NASA, which stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Active and passive voice

Active voice occurs when the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb, whereas passive voice occurs when the action is performed upon the subject.

Active volcano

A volcano that frequently erupts. This type of volcano is considered to be in a state of ongoing eruption, and it can have significant effects on the surrounding environment. Active volcanoes can release gases, ash, and lava, which can cause harm to plants, animals, and humans in the area.

Address

A manner or method of communication, indicating how one communicates or directs their words towards someone or something.

Adiabatic cooling and warming

The processes by which air cools as it expands and warms as it compresses. These processes occur when air moves up or down in the atmosphere. Adiabatic cooling is responsible for the formation of clouds, while adiabatic warming can lead to increased temperatures on the ground.

Adjective

A word that modifies a noun or pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying it, such as ‘blue’ in ‘blue sky’ or ‘happy’ in ‘happy child’.

Adverb

A word that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, describing how, where, when, or to what extent an action occurs, like ‘gently’ in ‘she spoke gently’ or ‘very’ in ‘very tall’.

Aerial

Things that are viewed from an airplane or high location, such as an aerial photograph. Aerial views can provide a unique perspective of landscapes and can be useful in various fields, such as urban planning, environmental monitoring, and military intelligence.

Aesthetic

Pertaining to the appreciation of beauty or good taste, often in relation to art, literature, or other forms of creative expression.

Agenda

A systematic list of items, topics, or tasks to be addressed or achieved during a meeting or event, or a hidden motive or underlying intention in a piece of writing or speech.

Agglomeration

The clustering of similar industries in a particular location to take advantage of shared resources and economies of scale. This process can occur naturally or due to deliberate planning efforts. Agglomeration can lead to increased productivity, innovation, and specialization within a region.

Agglomeration

The clustering of similar industries in a particular location to take advantage of shared resources and economies of scale. This process can occur naturally or due to deliberate planning efforts. Agglomeration can lead to increased productivity, innovation, and specialization within a region.

AIDA

An acronym for Attention, Interest, Desire, Action; a marketing model used to describe the stages a consumer goes through in the advertising process, from gaining attention to taking action.

AIDS

Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome, a collection of diseases and infections associated with a deficient immune system. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system and makes the body vulnerable to other infections. AIDS can have significant social, economic, and public health impacts.

AIDS

Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome, a collection of diseases and infections associated with a deficient immune system. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system and makes the body vulnerable to other infections. AIDS can have significant social, economic, and public health impacts.

Air

A mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth. The air also contains trace amounts of other gases, such as carbon dioxide and argon, as well as various pollutants. Air is essential for life, as it provides the oxygen needed for respiration and helps regulate the Earth’s temperature and climate.

Air

A mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth. The air also contains trace amounts of other gases, such as carbon dioxide and argon, as well as various pollutants. Air is essential for life, as it provides the oxygen needed for respiration and helps regulate the Earth’s temperature and climate.

Air mass

A large body of air with uniform properties, such as temperature and humidity. These masses can cover thousands of kilometers and can have significant effects on the weather and climate in a region. Air masses are classified based on their source region, which can influence their characteristics.

Air pressure

The force exerted by the weight of the air on the Earth’s surface. This pressure is caused by the weight of the air molecules above a particular location. Air pressure can vary depending on factors such as altitude, temperature, and humidity. It plays a significant role in determining the weather and climate in a region.

Albedo

A measure of how much solar radiation is reflected by a surface. Surfaces with high albedo, such as snow and ice, reflect more radiation and absorb less heat than surfaces with low albedo, such as asphalt and soil. Albedo can influence the Earth’s temperature and climate, as it affects the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed by the planet.

Alliteration

A literary device where two or more consecutive words in a sentence or line of poetry start with the same consonant sound, such as ‘Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers’.

Alluring

Possessing a magnetic or enchanting quality that attracts or entices, often through charm or beauty.

Allusion

An indirect reference to a person, event, work of art, or other cultural or historical elements, without explicitly mentioning it.

Alluvial soil

Fertile soil that is deposited by floodwater and left on the river banks. This soil is typically rich in nutrients and can support agricultural activities. Alluvial soil is formed by the erosion and deposition of sediment by rivers and other bodies of water.

Alluvium

A fine, mineral-rich soil that is deposited by rivers. It is typically found in river valleys and floodplains and is often used for agricultural purposes due to its high fertility. Alluvium can also have significant geological and archaeological significance, as it can preserve evidence of past environments and human activity.

Altitude

The height of a location above sea level. Altitude can influence factors such as temperature, air pressure, and atmospheric composition. It can also affect the distribution of plants and animals in an ecosystem, as different species have different altitudinal ranges.

Ambition

A fervent desire to achieve a specific goal or set of goals, usually involving personal advancement, achievement, or fulfillment.

Amoral

Lacking a moral framework; neither morally right nor wrong, and typically not concerned with moral standards or principles.

An electron

An electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. Electrons are found in atoms and are involved in chemical bonding and electricity. The movement of electrons is what creates an electrical current. Electrons also play a role in various technologies, such as semiconductors and electronics.

An emerging market

An emerging market is a country that is experiencing rapid economic growth and development. This term is often used to describe developing countries that are becoming more integrated into the global economy. These countries often have large populations, abundant natural resources, and a growing middle class. Examples of emerging markets include Brazil, India, and China.

An episodic river

An episodic river is a river in arid climates that seldom flows. These rivers usually only flow after significant rainfall events, and may only flow for a short period. Episodic rivers are critical ecosystems, supporting unique plant and animal species adapted to living in these environments.

An equal area map

An equal area map is a map that shows the area on the map in proportion to the same area on the ground. However, shapes are often distorted to achieve this accuracy. Equal area maps are often used in fields such as cartography and geography to accurately depict the size and distribution of landmasses.

An occluded front

An occluded front is a weather front that forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front.

An offshore wind turbine

An offshore wind turbine is a type of wind turbine that harnesses wind energy over the oceans.

An orbit

An orbit is the path or trajectory of the Earth around the sun.

An orthophoto map

An orthophoto map is an accurate, large-scale aerial photograph that shows detailed geographical features of a small area.

An overgraded river

An overgraded river is a river that erodes more than it deposits.

An oxbow lake

An oxbow lake is a curved lake that forms when a meander in a river is cut off from the main channel.

Anabatic wind

An upslope wind that occurs at a regional scale. These winds are caused by the heating of the Earth’s surface, which causes air to rise and cool. Anabatic winds can have significant effects on local weather patterns and can be important for activities such as paragliding and gliding.

Anecdote

A brief, entertaining story or account of a real-life event, often used to illustrate a point or support an argument.

Angle

The perspective or approach taken in presenting information or a story, often intended to influence the perceptions or opinions of a specific audience.

Antagonist

A character in a story, play, or film whose actions oppose the protagonist or main character, often creating conflict.

Antecedent drainage pattern

A river course that was formed before mountain uplift and has been maintained after uplift. These drainage patterns can have significant geological and ecological importance, as they can provide evidence of past landscapes and environmental conditions.

Anticipate

To foresee and prepare for a future event or situation, often by considering possible scenarios or taking preventative actions.

Anticyclone

A large high-pressure cell of downward-spiraling air. These systems are typically associated with clear and dry weather conditions and can have significant effects on the climate and weather in a region.

Appeal

An appeal is a request submitted by a student whose application for funding was rejected, or whose funding was withdrawn, requesting the NSFAS to review or reconsider his or her eligibility.

Applicant

Anyone who has applied for NSFAS financial aid. For the purposes of this document, this includes senior students who may have progressed beyond their first academic term (year, semester, trimester) but were never funded by the NSFAS.

Approved qualification

A qualification offered by an institution for which bursaries are available as defined in the APPROVED QUALIFICATIONS section of this document.

Aquifer

A natural underground reservoir of water that can be used for human activities such as drinking water and irrigation. Aquifers can vary in size and depth and can be replenished by precipitation and other sources of water. Overuse of aquifers can lead to depletion and other environmental issues.

Archaism

A word, phrase, or concept that is outdated or no longer commonly used in modern language or culture.

Area

The extent of a surface or shape. In geography, area is often used to calculate the size of land represented on a map or the extent of a particular geographic feature.

Assertion

A confident declaration or statement of fact, often without supporting evidence or acknowledgment of opposing viewpoints.

Assistive devices

Assistive devices are mechanisms that aid students living with disabilities to access learning and teaching resources.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words within a sentence or line of poetry, used to create musical effects, such as ‘try to light the fire’.

Assumption

A belief or premise accepted as true without concrete evidence or proof, often forming the basis for decision-making or reasoning.

Attainment

The achievement of an objective, goal, or a certain level of education, skill, or knowledge through effort.

Attribute data

Descriptive data that does not represent locational information. In geography, attribute data can include descriptions, measurements, and classifications of geographic features such as soil type, climate, and land use.

Autobiography

A written account of a person’s life, penned by the individual themselves, often highlighting personal experiences, relationships, and insights.

Avid

Possessing an intense enthusiasm or keen interest in a particular activity, topic, or pursuit.

Azimuthal projection

A flat surface that touches the globe to show direction and distance accurately. This type of projection is often used for polar regions and can provide a unique perspective of the Earth’s surface.

B

Back bearing

The original position from which a true bearing was measured. It is used in navigation and surveying to determine the direction and distance between two points.

Backing

The counterclockwise change in wind direction that occurs as a mid-latitude cyclone passes over. This change in wind direction can have significant effects on weather and climate in a region.

Backward integration

The link backwards in a process, such as the link farmers have for the purchase of seeds, pesticides, dips, feed for animals, fertilizers, irrigation needs, farm machinery, and fuel. This process allows for greater control and efficiency in the production process.

Balance of Trade

The difference between a country’s imports and exports. It represents the balance of payments for a country and can have significant economic impacts.

Basaltic plateau

A high-lying area produced by the horizontal flow of lava. This type of plateau is often found in volcanic regions and can have significant geological significance.

Base level

The lowest point to which a river can flow and erode – usually sea level. This level can influence the shape and characteristics of river systems.

Baseflow

Groundwater that contributes to river flow. This flow can have significant effects on the ecology and hydrology of a region.

Basin

A geological feature in the shape of a bowl. It can be formed by various geological processes, such as tectonic activity or erosion.

Batholith

A very large, irregular granite intrusion. This type of intrusion can have significant geological and mineralogical importance.

Bearing

The compass direction from your current position to your intended destination. It is an important navigational tool.

Bedding plane

The junction between two sedimentary rock layers. It can provide important information about the geological history of a region.

Bedrock

Unweathered rock. It is an important component of the Earth’s crust and can influence the shape and characteristics of the surface.

Berg wind

A hot, dry wind that blows from the interior or plateau down the escarpment to the coast. This wind can have significant effects on weather and climate in a region.

Bilateral aid

Aid given by one government directly to another. It is a common form of foreign aid.

Biodiversity

The rich and varied plant and animal species in an ecosystem. It is an important component of ecological health and can have significant economic and social impacts.

Biography

A detailed account of a person’s life, written by someone other than the individual in question, covering experiences, achievements, and the historical context.

Biome

A region that is home to particular kinds of plants and animals. It can be characterized by various ecological factors, such as climate and soil.

Biotic factors

Factors caused by the work or activities of plants, animals, and humans. They can have significant effects on the ecology of a region.

Birth rate

The total number of babies born alive per 1,000 population each year. It is an important demographic indicator.

Block mountain

A mountain that is formed by a normal fault. This type of mountain can have significant geological and ecological importance.

Blockbuster

A product, often a movie or book, that achieves enormous popularity and financial success, usually surpassing expectations.

Bohemian

Describing a lifestyle or person characterized by unconventional, artistic, and often carefree or relaxed behaviors and attitudes.

Bombard

To inundate or overwhelm someone with an excessive amount of something, such as information, requests, or physical objects.

Braided stream

A river with islands of sand deposits. This type of stream can have significant ecological and hydrological importance.

Braiding

The splitting of a river into different channels. This process can occur naturally or due to human activities and can have significant effects on the ecology and hydrology of a region.

Brain drain

The loss of skilled professionals from their country of origin to jobs in other countries. It can have significant social and economic impacts on the country of origin.

Brand

The process of creating a unique image or identity for a product, service, or organization through marketing strategies, logos, and consistent messaging.

Break-of-bulk point

A place or town, such as a port, where transported goods have to be unloaded, and one type of transport is changed for another. It is an important component of the transportation industry.

Buffering

The creation of a zone or area of specified width around a set of features – a point, line, or polygon – on a GIS map. This process can help to manage and analyze spatial data.

Bursary

A form of financial support awarded to a student, that does not need to be repaid, but which may carry other contractual obligations.

Butte

An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top. It is typically formed by erosion of a mesa or plateau and can have significant geological and ecological importance.

By-catch

Animals and birds that are not meant to be caught but are usually killed in the process of fishing. This unintentional catch can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems and can be a sustainability concern for the fishing industry.

C

Caldera

A deep hollow formed by the collapsed top of a volcano. It is typically formed by the eruption and subsequent collapse of a large magma chamber and can have significant geological and volcanic importance.

Canyon landscape

A region cut by a deep, wide gorge. This type of landscape is typically formed by erosion and can have significant geological and ecological significance.

Capacity factor

The percentage of power a wind turbine produces, depending on how frequently the wind blows. It is an important component of wind energy production and can influence the economic viability of wind power projects.

Capital

Money invested in a business and in the machinery, equipment, and technology needed for production. It is an important component of the economy and can influence economic growth and development.

Capital intensive

Relying heavily on money, equipment, and machinery for production. This type of production can have significant capital costs and require significant investment.

Capital invested

The money invested in the form of machinery, equipment, or cash. This investment is an important component of the production process and can have significant economic impacts.

Captivating

Having the ability to attract and hold someone’s attention through charm, beauty, or intriguing qualities.

Captor stream

A river that captures another river or steals water from another river. This process can occur naturally or due to human activities and can have significant ecological and hydrological impacts.

Carrying capacity

The number of individuals that a region can support in terms of its resources. This concept is important for understanding the sustainability of human and animal populations and their impact on the environment.

Catchment area

Another term for a drainage basin, which is the area of land from which a river and its tributaries collect water.

Central Business District (CBD)

The commercial and often geographical heart of a city. It is typically characterized by high population density, high-rise buildings, and a concentration of business and financial institutions.

Central place

Any settlement that provides goods and services for smaller, neighboring settlements. This concept is important for understanding the distribution of economic activity across a region.

Certificate qualification

A qualification that has been registered on the NQF, on NQF Level 5 and have a qualification type of Higher Certificate or National Higher Certificate.

Characterizing

Depicting or describing the distinctive qualities or features of a person, group, or thing.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chemicals containing chlorine that destroy ozone. They have been largely phased out due to their damaging effects on the Earth’s ozone layer.

Chronological

Arranged in the order of time, with the earliest event or item first and the latest last.

Cinder cone

A small, short-lived volcano that pours out rock fragments and ash instead of lava. They are typically characterized by steep sides and a crater at the summit.

Circular migration

The movement to cities for work, with periodic visits or returns home. This pattern of migration is common in many parts of the world and can have significant impacts on urbanization and rural development.

Cirrus cloud

A wispy, high, and icy cloud that does not typically produce rain. They are often a sign of approaching weather fronts and are an important component of weather forecasting.

Citizen

including permanent residents

Clause

A grammatical unit within a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate; it may be independent and able to stand alone as a sentence, or dependent on another clause.

Cliché

An expression or phrase that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or impact, often considered trite.

Cliff

A very steep vertical feature. It is typically formed by erosion and can be found along coastlines or in mountainous regions.

Climate

The average, long-term weather pattern for a particular area for a period longer than one or two years. This includes factors such as temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions.

Climate change

The long-term change in weather patterns associated with global warming and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. It is a significant global issue with implications for the environment, society, and the economy.

Climate graph

A graph that records the temperature and rainfall figures of a place at different times of the year. It is an important tool for understanding the climate and weather patterns of a region.

Climatology

The study of the climate, including its patterns, causes, and effects. It is an important field for understanding the Earth’s climate system and its interactions with the environment.

Cloud

A floating mass of water droplets that has condensed from water vapor in the atmosphere. They play an important role in weather patterns and are an important component of the Earth’s climate system.

Coal seam

The horizontal layer of the Earth in which coal deposits are found. It is an important natural resource and is used as a fuel source for electricity generation and other industrial processes.

Coastal low

A localized low-pressure system that brings changeable weather to a coastal region. It can have significant impacts on weather patterns and is an important component of coastal meteorology.

Coastal plain

An area of flat, low-lying land next to or on the margin of the sea. It is typically characterized by sandy beaches and dunes and is an important component of coastal geography.

Coincidence

The occurrence of two or more events or circumstances at the same time by chance, without an apparent causal connection.

Cold current

The cold polar water which moves from the poles towards the equator. It is an important component of the Earth’s ocean circulation system and can have significant impacts on regional climate.

Cold front

An advancing cold air mass and a transition zone of cold air replacing warm air. It is an important component of weather patterns and can have significant impacts on regional weather conditions.

Cold occlusion

An overtaking cold front that lifts warm air off the ground. It is an important component of weather patterns and can have significant impacts on regional weather conditions.

Colloquialism

An informal word or phrase that is commonly used in everyday conversation rather than in formal speech or writing.

Combustion

The process of burning a fuel to generate heat. This can be seen in various everyday activities like burning wood for warmth or fueling a car with gasoline.

Commanding

Exhibiting authority, control, and confidence, often in a manner that draws respect or compliance from others.

Commercial farming

Using advanced technology like machinery, irrigation, and fertilizers to maximize crop production and generate a profit. This type of agriculture focuses on surplus production for sales and profit and is often practiced on large farms or plantations.

Commercial fishing

The act of fishing as a profession or trade. This can include harvesting fish and other seafood from oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water.

Commodity

Any good or product that can be bought and sold in the marketplace. Common examples include agricultural products like wheat and corn, as well as precious metals like gold and silver.

Comparative adjectives

Adjectives that express a higher degree of a quality when comparing two entities, typically formed by adding ‘-er’ to the adjective or using ‘more’, such as ‘taller’, ‘more beautiful’.

Comparative advantage

When a country specializes in producing goods or services in which it has an advantage and trades them for goods or services in which it does not have a comparative advantage. This allows the country to increase its overall productivity and economic growth.

Composition

The arrangement and integration of visual elements in a work of art, design, or written text, including layout, color, and typography.

Compound adjective

An adjective composed of two or more words, often connected by hyphens, that work together to describe a noun, such as ‘blue-eyed’ or ‘high-pitched’.

Concentric zone model

A model used to study urban development, where a city is divided into concentric rings around the central business district (CBD). This model shows how cities expand and change over time, with different zones developing around the central hub.

Concise

Expressing much in few words, without unnecessary details or elaboration.

Concise language

Language that is succinct and to the point, avoiding superfluous words or details while effectively conveying the intended message.

Concord

In grammar, the agreement between elements of a sentence, such as the subject and verb, in terms of number, person, or gender.

Condensation

The process where a gas turns into a liquid, typically due to cooling. This can be seen in everyday life, like when water droplets form on the outside of a cold drink.

Condensation level

The height at which rising air cools to the dew point, causing it to condense and form clouds. This level is different depending on the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air.

Condensation nuclei

Small particles of dust, smoke, or salt that water vapor sticks to and condenses around. These particles can serve as a starting point for cloud formation.

Conditional aid

The terms and conditions specified by a donor when giving aid to a recipient. This can include things like certain actions or policies that the recipient must follow to receive the aid.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through a substance, like metal or wood, due to the flow of electrons or molecules.

Confluence

The point where two rivers or streams meet and flow together.

Conformal map

A type of map that accurately shows direction, shape, and scale. This type of map is often used for navigation and charting.

Confrontation

A hostile or argumentative situation or encounter where opposing parties come face to face, often involving conflict or disagreement.

Conical hill

A hill with a pointed top that has been eroded from a butte or mesa.

Conical projection

A type of map projection that shows the Earth as a cone shape that touches the globe at one point.

Connotation

The emotional or cultural associations and secondary meanings attached to a word, beyond its literal definition.

Consolidate

To combine or bring together various elements into a single, more coherent or effective whole.

Consonance

A poetic device characterized by the repetition of the same consonant sounds in close proximity within a line or passage of text, such as ‘pitter-patter’.

Context

The surrounding information, circumstances, or background that helps to give meaning to a particular word, phrase, or event.

Continental crust

The solid and thin outermost layer of the Earth that forms the continents.

Continental drift

The gradual movement of the Earth’s land masses relative to each other over time.

Continental shelf

The margin of the continents that extends beneath the ocean.

Contour

A line on a map that connects points of equal elevation or altitude.

Contour interval

The difference in altitude between two contour lines on a map.

Contour line

A line on a map that connects points of equal elevation or altitude.

Contraction

A shortened form of a word or group of words, where one or more letters are omitted and replaced by an apostrophe, such as ‘it’s’ for ‘it is’.

Controlled or command market

An economy where the government has total control over prices, production, and distribution of goods and services.

Controversial

Giving rise to public disagreement or heated debate due to differing opinions or values.

Convectional rainfall

Rainfall that is produced when moist air rises by convection and cools, causing precipitation.

Conventions

Established norms, practices, or criteria within a particular activity or culture, such as social norms or rules of grammar.

Conversational

Language characterized by informal, spoken words and phrases typically used in everyday conversation as opposed to formal writing.

Conviction

The firm belief in one’s opinions or values, often expressed with confidence and without doubt; can also refer to a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense.

Convincing

Capable of persuading others to believe or accept something through reasoning or the use of evidence.

Coordinate

The set of numbers that together describe the exact position of something on a map or in space.

Counter

To oppose, respond to, or offset an argument, action, or situation with an opposing viewpoint or action.

Course Credits (University only)

Course Credits apply to University students only and refer to the level of study. Each level of study equals 120 credits per academic year such that a typical 3-year degree will be 360-credits and a 4-year degree will be 480 credits.

Course pass rate (University only)

The course pass rate applies to university students only and refers to the percentage of course credits that a student must pass to remain academically eligible for future NSFAS financial aid.

Credibility

The quality of being trustworthy, reliable, or believable, often based on competence, expertise, or past performance.

Criteria

Standards or principles by which something is judged or evaluated.

Crust

The very thin, brittle, solid top layer of the Earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals, and it is the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface.

Cuesta

A ridge with a gentle dip slope formed by tilted sedimentary rock. It is a type of landform that is commonly found in areas with underlying rock layers that are inclined.

Cuesta basin

A basin eroded to form concentric ranges of hills. This type of landform is typically found in areas where layers of sedimentary rock have been tilted, and the softer layers have eroded away more easily than the harder layers.

Cuesta dome

A dome eroded to form concentric ranges of hills. This type of landform is similar to a cuesta basin, but it has a convex shape rather than a concave shape.

Cumec

The unit of discharge, which is the amount of water that flows through a river or stream in a given amount of time. It is equal to one cubic meter per second.

Cumulus cloud

A middle cloud that forms from convection. Some cumulus clouds produce heavy rain and are associated with thunderstorms.

Cumulus cloud

A middle cloud that forms from convection. Some cumulus clouds produce heavy rain and are associated with thunderstorms.

Current

Happening or existing in the present time.

Curved distance

The distance along a curve between two points on a map. This is different from the straight-line distance between two points, which is known as the linear distance.

Curved distance

The distance along a curve between two points on a map. This is different from the straight-line distance between two points, which is known as the linear distance.

Cylindrical projection

A map projection that takes the form of a cylinder. When the cylinder is unrolled, the image of the Earth is transferred to a flat surface. This type of map projection preserves the correct shape of land masses but distorts their size and distance.

Cylindrical projection

A map projection that takes the form of a cylinder. When the cylinder is unrolled, the image of the Earth is transferred to a flat surface. This type of map projection preserves the correct shape of land masses but distorts their size and distance.

Cynical

Distrustful of the motives or sincerity of others, often expressing this skepticism through irony or sarcasm.

D

Dam

A structure built across a river or other watercourse to store water.

Dam

A structure built across a river or other watercourse to store water.

Death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population each year.

Death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population each year.

Debris flow

A fast-moving mixture of water and loose material, such as soil, rocks, and vegetation, that flows down a slope or channel.

Debris flow

A fast-moving mixture of water and loose material, such as soil, rocks, and vegetation, that flows down a slope or channel.

Decentralization

The process of shifting commercial activity away from the central business district (CBD) of a city or other urban area.

Demarcate

To set or mark the boundaries or limits of something; to separate distinctly.

Demographic transition model

A theory that explains how a population changes from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time as a result of economic and social development.

Denouement

The final resolution or outcome of a story or play, in which the plot strands are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.

Density

Density is the concentration of a substance or material, such as air particles or population, in a given space or area.

Dependency ratio

The dependency ratio is the ratio of economically inactive (such as children and the elderly) to economically active individuals in a population.

Depletion

Depletion refers to the reduction or exhaustion of natural resources or other assets.

Deposition

Deposition is the process by which a river or other watercourse drops or deposits sediment, such as sand and rocks, as it flows.

Derogatory

Disparaging or belittling; expressing a low opinion of someone or something, often in an insulting manner.

Desalination

Desalination is the process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable for drinking or irrigation.

Descriptive language

Language that paints a picture and provides detailed information about a person, place, thing, or event, often using sensory details.

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics are statistical methods used to summarize and describe the characteristics of data or a population.

Desertification

Desertification is the process by which land in arid or semi-arid regions becomes degraded and loses its fertility and biodiversity due to factors such as climate change, human activity, and overgrazing.

Developed country

A developed country is a nation that has achieved a high level of economic development, industrialization, and modernization.

Developing country

A developing country is a nation that is in the process of transitioning from a less-developed to a more-developed economy and society.

Dew

Dew is the condensation of water vapor on surfaces that have become cooler than the surrounding air, resulting in the formation of small water droplets.

Dew point

The dew point is the temperature at which the air becomes saturated with water vapor and begins to condense into liquid water.

DHET

Department of Higher Education and Training

DHET Bursary Scheme

A financial aid programme that provides fully subsidised funding for poor and working-class students registered at an institution.

Dialect

A particular form of a language which is specific to a region or social group, and differs in pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary from the standard language.

Didactic

Intended to instruct or educate, often with an underlying moral or philosophical message.

Differential erosion

The uneven erosion of rock layers or landforms, usually caused by variations in resistance to erosion and the action of water, wind, or ice.

Diffusion

The movement of particles or substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Digital divide

The gap between individuals or communities who have access to information and communication technologies and those who do not, often due to factors like socioeconomic status, geographical location, or education.

Digital elevation model (DEM)

A digital representation of the Earth’s surface topography, created by gathering elevation data from various sources and organizing it into a grid format.

Dike

A barrier or embankment constructed to control or redirect the flow of water, often used to prevent flooding or to drain marshy areas.

Dilemma

A situation in which one must make a difficult choice between two or more equally undesirable alternatives.

Dip

Dip refers to the angle at which a rock layer or other geological feature is inclined or tilted relative to the horizontal plane.

Dip slope

A dip slope is a gently sloping landform created by the erosion of tilted strata or layers of rock.

Direction

Direction refers to the position or orientation of one location or object in relation to another.

Discharge

Discharge is the volume and speed of water flow in a river or other watercourse, typically measured in cubic meters per second (m3/s).

Discursive

Moving from topic to topic without order; digressive; or providing a thorough discussion of a topic.

Dispersed settlement

A dispersed settlement is a collection of scattered houses or dwellings that are within sight of one another but separated by sufficient distance to allow for farming or other land use activities.

Distance

Distance refers to the measurement of the physical space or separation between two objects or locations.

Distance TVET college student

A TVET College student categorised as a distance learning student by the TVET College and who is enrolled for the minimum number of subjects required, namely 5 out of 7 subjects for NC(v) or 3 out of 4 subjects for Report 191.

Distance university student

A university student studying at a non-contact university.

Distributary

A distributary is a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and into another body of water.

Divergent boundary

A divergent boundary is the boundary where the tectonic plates move apart, resulting in the formation of a new crust.

Diversification

Diversification refers to the process of expanding a business or organization into other products or markets, reducing risk and increasing opportunities.

Divide

A highland or ridge that separates the flow of water between different drainage basins or watersheds.

Doldrums

The equatorial region near the Earth’s equator characterized by calm or light variable winds and often accompanied by thunderstorms.

Domain

A territory or geographic area that is governed or controlled by a particular entity, such as a country, organization, or administrative unit.

Dome

A dome is a geological feature in the shape of an upside-down bowl, formed by the movement of magma beneath the Earth’s surface.

Doppler effect

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave (e.g., sound or light) as observed by an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

Dormant volcano

A dormant volcano is a volcano that has not erupted for a long time but is still considered to be active and may erupt again in the future.

Double-dipping

This is when students receive financial aid from NSFAS and from other funders such that they do not require the financial aid from NSFAS, either in full or in part.

Drainage basin

A drainage basin, also known as a river basin, is the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries or the area of land from which a river system receives its water.

Drainage density

Drainage density refers to the total length of the river network, relative to the size of the drainage basin.

Drainage pattern

A drainage pattern refers to the pattern of the river network, which depends on the underlying rock.

Drop out student

A student who received financial aid from NSFAS, started a qualification, has yet to attain the qualification and does not hold a current registration to achieve the qualification.

Drought

A drought is a long period of below-average rainfall that results in a water shortage and can have negative effects on the environment, agriculture, and society.

Dryland

A dryland is an area where the amount of water in the soil is low, resulting in arid or semi-arid conditions.

Dune

A mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by wind or water action.

Dust storm

A dust storm is a strong, turbulent wind that carries loose sand and dust, common in arid and semi-arid regions.

Dynamic equilibrium

A state of balance or stability in a system where the inputs and outputs are in constant flux but overall remain relatively constant.

E

Earthquake

An earthquake is a sudden slip on a fault that produces vibrations through the Earth’s crust, often resulting in damage to structures and infrastructure.

Eastings

Eastings are the grid numbers on the horizontal axis of a map, used to identify and locate specific points on the map.

Ecological footprint

The measure of the impact of human activities on the environment, particularly in terms of the amount of land and resources required to sustain a particular lifestyle or level of consumption.

Ecological succession

The process by which an ecological community undergoes predictable and orderly changes over time following a disturbance or the colonization of new habitats.

Economic growth

Economic growth refers to the ability of a country to access and control its resources to generate wealth, improve living standards, and increase economic output.

Economic migrant

An economic migrant is a skilled person whose ultimate intention is to emigrate to a new country in search of better job opportunities or higher wages.

Economically-active

Economically-active people are those who are above a certain age and are capable of working, whether they are currently employed or not.

Economies of scale

Economies of scale refer to the average total costs of production falling as the amount of products or units made increases, due to factors such as increased efficiency and reduced costs.

Ecosystem

An ecosystem refers to the relationships between a community of plants and animals and their environment, including abiotic factors such as air, water, and soil.

Ecumene area

An ecumene area is a region where physical, chemical, and human factors combine to attract settlement, such as areas with fertile soil and accessible water sources.

Edge city

An edge city is an all-in-one urban center on the outskirts of a major city, often characterized by commercial and residential areas, transportation hubs, and other amenities.

Edited draft

A version of a document or text that has been revised and corrected for errors, clarity, and structure after the initial draft.

El Niño

El Niño is an abnormal warming of surface water in the eastern Pacific Ocean, causing significant changes in global weather patterns.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

The El Niño Southern Oscillation is the simultaneous change in sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific and air pressure over the western Pacific, resulting in climate variability worldwide.

Elbow of capture

The elbow of capture is the right-angled bend in a captured stream that shows the point of capture.

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy with wave-like behaviour that can be used as an information carrier in remote sensing. This type of radiation includes a range of wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays, and travels at the speed of light. Electromagnetic radiation can be used for various purposes, such as communication, medical imaging, and studying celestial objects.

Eligibility assessment

The process by which NSFAS determines whether or not an applicant is eligible to receive financial aid, or whether a student is eligible to continue receiving financial aid.

Eligible

Meeting the necessary requirements or qualifications to be chosen for something, such as a job, position, or membership.

Eligible student

A student that is both financially and academically eligible.

Emigration

Emigration refers to leaving one’s country of birth to move to another country. People may emigrate for various reasons, such as seeking better job opportunities, escaping political or social unrest, or joining family members. Emigration can have significant impacts on both the emigrants and their countries of origin and destination.

Emission

The release or discharge of substances, particularly gases or pollutants, into the atmosphere or environment.

Emotive

Evoking strong emotions or feelings; expressive.

Emotive

Evoking strong emotions or feelings; expressive.

Emphasis

The degree of prominence or focus given to a particular feature or aspect in a map, image, or text.

Endemic species

Species that are naturally found only in a specific geographic area or habitat and are not naturally found elsewhere.

Energy

Energy is a term used to describe power supply or source. Energy can take various forms, such as heat, light, electricity, or motion. It is essential for many human activities, including transportation, industry, and communication. The sources of energy can be renewable or nonrenewable, and the ways we use energy can have significant impacts on the environment.

Entice

To attract or tempt by offering something desirable or appealing.

Entice

To attract or tempt by offering something desirable or appealing.

Enunciate

To pronounce words clearly and distinctly, ensuring that the sounds and syllables are articulated properly.

Environment

The surroundings or conditions in which an organism, community, or society exists, including both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.

Environmental degradation

Environmental degradation refers to the erosion of the environment through the depletion of natural resources, the destruction of ecosystems, and the extinction of plant and animal species. This degradation can have significant impacts on human health and well-being, as well as on the natural systems that sustain life on Earth. Addressing environmental degradation is a critical global challenge.

Environmental despoliation

Environmental despoliation refers to breaking down and removing the Earth’s surface. This term is often used to describe activities such as mining, drilling, or deforestation. These activities can have significant impacts on the environment, including soil erosion, water pollution, and the loss of biodiversity.

Epicenter

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus (origin) of an earthquake or underground explosion.

Equator

The imaginary line that circles the Earth halfway between the North and South poles, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

Equilibrium

Equilibrium refers to the state in which two opposing forces or influences are balanced and remain stable. In physical geography, this term is often used to describe the balance between the forces of erosion and deposition.

Equinox

An equinox refers to the two points in the year (around March 21 and September 23) when the tilt of the Earth’s axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the sun, resulting in equal amounts of daylight and darkness at all latitudes.

Erosion

Erosion refers to the movement of materials from the Earth’s surface due to natural forces such as wind, water, and ice. This process can cause the wearing away and removal of rock and soil, and the transport of broken-down rock.

Escarpment

An escarpment refers to a steep slope or long cliff at the edge of a plateau or the margin between highland and lowland or two different landforms. It often forms due to differential erosion or faulting.

Estuary

A partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean.

Euphemism

A mild or indirect word or expression used to replace another term that might be considered too harsh, blunt, or offensive.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is a process where an excess amount of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, enter a water body, leading to an overgrowth of algae and other plants. This excessive plant growth can deplete oxygen levels in the water, causing harm to aquatic organisms and disrupting the ecosystem.

Evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which a liquid, such as water, changes into a gas or vapor state due to the absorption of heat energy. It is an essential part of the water cycle and contributes to the formation of clouds and precipitation.

Exchange rate

The value of one currency expressed in terms of another currency, determining the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

A maritime zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from a coastal state’s baseline, within which the state has special rights and jurisdiction over the exploration and exploitation of natural resources.

Exfoliation

Exfoliation is the process by which large sheets or slabs of rock gradually break away from a larger rock mass due to physical weathering, such as the expansion and contraction of rock layers.

Exotic species

Species that are introduced to a new geographic area outside their natural range, often as a result of human activities, and have the potential to cause ecological and economic harm.

Exploitation

The utilization or extraction of natural resources or the use of human labor for economic gain, often without considering the long-term sustainability or impacts on ecosystems and communities.

Export

The act of sending or selling goods or services produced in one country to another country.

Exposure

The degree to which a particular area or location is subjected to certain environmental conditions or risks, such as wind, sunlight, or pollution.

Extensive agriculture

A form of agriculture characterized by large-scale production and low inputs per unit of land, often involving extensive land clearing and mechanization.

Extensive margin

The increase or decrease in the quantity produced by expanding or reducing the scale or size of production, without changing the production methods or technology.

Extinction

The permanent disappearance of a species from the Earth, often as a result of natural processes or human activities.

Extratropical cyclone

An extratropical cyclone, also known as a mid-latitude cyclone, is a large-scale low-pressure system that forms outside the tropics, typically between 30° and 60° latitude. These cyclones are associated with changes in weather patterns and can bring strong winds, precipitation, and temperature fluctuations.

Extreme weather

Extreme weather refers to severe or unusual weather conditions that deviate from the average or expected patterns. Examples of extreme weather include hurricanes, tornadoes, heatwaves, blizzards, and heavy rainfall or snowfall. Extreme weather events can have significant impacts on human lives, infrastructure, and the environment.

F

Famine

Famine is a severe scarcity of food over a large area, often resulting in starvation and death. Famine can be caused by various factors, including drought, crop failure, conflict, and economic instability. It is a significant humanitarian crisis that requires immediate attention and assistance.

Fault

A fault is a fracture or zone of weakness in the Earth’s crust along which movement occurs. It is often associated with earthquakes and tectonic activity. Faults can be classified into different types, such as normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults, based on the movement of the rock on either side of the fault plane.

Fault-block mountain

A fault-block mountain is a mountain that forms as a result of tectonic uplift along a fault line. It is characterized by steep slopes on one side and a relatively gentle slope or flat surface on the other side.

Favela

A favela is a type of informal settlement or slum found in Brazil, especially in urban areas. These settlements are typically characterized by poverty, inadequate housing, and limited access to basic services such as water, sanitation, and education. Favelas are often built on marginal or undeveloped land and face various social and economic challenges.

Fecundity

Fecundity is the ability of an organism to produce offspring or offspring potential. It is often used to describe the reproductive capacity of individuals or populations and is an important factor in population dynamics and demography.

Fertility rate

The fertility rate is a measure of the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime in a specific population or country. It is an essential demographic indicator that influences population growth and structure.

Fertilizer

A substance, usually chemical or organic in nature, applied to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients for plant growth and productivity.

FET Afrikaans Home Language

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FET Civil Technology

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FET Dramatic Arts

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FET Electrical Technology

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FET Hospitality Studies

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FET isiNdebele Home Language

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FET isiXhosa Home Language

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FET isiZulu Home Language

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FET Music

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FET Religion Studies

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FET Sepedi Home Language

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FET Sesotho Home Language

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FET Siswati Home Language

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FET Sport and Exercise

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FET Xitsonga Home Language

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Fiber optics

A method of transmitting information through thin, transparent fibers of glass or plastic, using pulses of light to carry signals over long distances.

Fieldwork

Fieldwork refers to the collection of data or information by researchers or scientists through firsthand observation, interviews, surveys, and other techniques conducted in the field or natural environment. Fieldwork is common in various disciplines, including geography, anthropology, ecology, and geology.

Figurative language

Language that uses figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, and personification to convey meanings different from their literal definitions.

Figures of speech

Expressions, such as metaphors, similes, and alliteration, where words are used in a non-literal way to create a specific effect.

Financially eligible applicant

Those applicants who qualify for funding in terms of the financial eligibility criteria.

First time applicant

An applicant who is applying for NSFAS funding for the first time.

First time entering (FTEN) student

This is a student who is applying for academic admission to any University for the first time, either directly from school or other.

First Time Funded

This is a student studying at a TVET College and is funded by NSFAS for the very first time.

Fjord

A fjord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by the erosion of a glaciated valley and subsequent inundation by the sea. Fjords are typically found in high-latitude or high-latitude regions and are characteristic features of landscapes in countries such as Norway, Greenland, and New Zealand.

Flash flood

A sudden and rapid flooding of normally dry areas,
often caused by heavy rainfall, dam failure, or other factors that result in a large volume of water accumulating and flowing rapidly.

Flood

A flood is an overflow of water onto normally dry land. It can be caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, dam failure, or a combination of factors. Flooding can have significant impacts on human settlements, infrastructure, agriculture, and the environment.

Floodplain

A floodplain is a relatively flat or low-lying area adjacent to a river, stream, or other water body that is subject to flooding during periods of high water flow. Floodplains are often fertile and are important for agriculture, but they are also prone to flooding and can pose risks to human settlements.

Flora

The plants, including both native and cultivated species, found in a particular region or ecosystem.

Fluorescence

Fluorescence is a phenomenon in which a substance absorbs electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light, and re-emits it at a longer wavelength, usually in the visible light range. This process produces a characteristic glow or fluorescence in the substance. Fluorescence is used in various applications, including materials testing, fluorescence microscopy, and forensics.

Fog

Fog is a cloud that forms at or near the ground surface when air containing moisture cools to its dew point temperature, causing the water vapor to condense into tiny water droplets or ice crystals. Fog reduces visibility and can have impacts on transportation, aviation, and daily activities.

Folding

Folding is a geological process in which rock layers or strata bend and deform under compression. It is typically associated with tectonic forces and can create various landforms, such as folded mountains, anticlines, and synclines.

Food chain

A hierarchical series of organisms, each dependent on the next as a source of food, starting with primary producers (plants) and ending with apex predators.

Food security

Food security refers to the condition in which all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life. Food security is a complex issue influenced by factors such as food production, distribution, affordability, and cultural practices.

Foothills

Foothills are hilly or mountainous areas at the base of a mountain range or upland region. They typically have lower elevation and gentler slopes compared to the adjacent mountains. Foothills are often transitional zones between plains or lowlands and mountainous areas.

Forced migration

The movement of individuals or groups from their homes or places of usual residence due to external factors, such as conflict, persecution, or environmental disasters.

Forestry

The science and practice of managing and cultivating forests, including the harvesting of timber, the restoration of ecosystems, and the protection of natural resources.

Fossil fuel

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-based energy resources formed from the remains of ancient plants and organisms. They include coal, oil, and natural gas and are non-renewable resources. Fossil fuels are widely used for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial processes, but their combustion releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.

Fossil record

The collection of preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms found in rocks and sediment, providing evidence of past life on Earth.

Fracking (Hydraulic fracturing)

A method of extracting natural gas or oil from deep underground by injecting large amounts of water, sand, and chemicals into rock formations, fracturing them and releasing the trapped hydrocarbons.

Free trade

The unrestricted international exchange of goods and services without the imposition of tariffs, quotas, or other barriers to trade.

Freshwater

Water that contains minimal amounts of dissolved salts and is suitable for drinking, irrigation, and various other human and ecological uses.

Frivolous

Lacking in seriousness, importance, or substance; trivial or silly.

Front

The boundary or transition zone between two air masses of different temperature, humidity, or density, often associated with changes in weather conditions.

Frost

Frost is the deposition of ice crystals on the ground or other surfaces when the temperature of the surface is below freezing and there is moisture in the air. Frost can form on cold nights and can damage crops, plants, and infrastructure.

FTEN

First Time Entering

FTF

First Time Funded

Full cost of study

Means the total cost of study for a student which include registration fees, tuition costs, accommodation, and other permitted allowances related to formal teaching and learning activities, as determined by the criteria contained in this document and subject to limitations.

Function

The purpose, role, or task performed by a particular geographic feature or component within a system or process.

Functional region

A functional region, also known as a nodal region, is an area defined by the social, economic, and political interactions that occur within it. It is characterized by a central hub or node and the flows of people, goods, services, and information between the center and the surrounding areas. Functional regions can be based on various factors, such as transportation networks, economic activities, or cultural connections.

Funded student

A student who has been issued a NSFAS Bursary Agreement following registration at a public University or public TVET College.

Funder

Government departments (national, provincial, or local), government agencies, Sector Education and Training Authorities, private companies and philanthropic organisations, etc, that have signed an agreement with NSFAS to distribute funding to students for the funding of their Higher Education or Technical Vocational and Training education.

G

Generalization

The process of representing geographic features, patterns, or phenomena in a simplified or abstract manner, often by omitting or smoothing out details or variations.

Genre

A category or type of artistic work, such as literature, music, or film, characterized by similar form, style, or subject matter.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer-based system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and visualize spatial or geographic data, allowing for the integration and interpretation of various types of information.

Geographic scale

The level of detail, extent, or resolution at which geographic phenomena or processes are observed, analyzed, or represented, ranging from local to regional to global.

Geologic time

The vast span of time in Earth’s history, divided into eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages, used to study and understand the development of the Earth and its life forms.

Geomorphology

The scientific study of landforms, their origin, evolution, and the processes that shape the Earth’s surface.

Geopolitics

The study of the relationship between politics, geography, and international relations, particularly with regard to the influence of geography on political power and territorial control.

Geothermal energy

The energy generated from the heat of the Earth’s interior, typically harnessed by tapping into natural geothermal reservoirs or by drilling deep wells to access hot water or steam.

Glacial erosion

The process of erosion and shaping of the Earth’s surface by glaciers, including the movement of rocks, sediment, and soil, and the formation of landforms such as cirques, U-shaped valleys, and moraines.

Glacier

A large mass of ice and snow that moves slowly downhill under the influence of gravity, formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow over long periods of time.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of countries and people worldwide, resulting in the exchange of goods, information, culture, and ideas across borders.

Gradient

The rate of change in a variable, such as elevation, temperature, or concentration, over a given distance, often represented as a slope or steepness.

Grammar

The set of structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in a language.

Grammatical function

The role a word or phrase plays within the structure of a sentence, such as subject, object, or modifier.

Greenhouse effect

The natural process by which certain gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat and warm the planet’s surface.

Greenhouse gas

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing and emitting infrared radiation, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases.

Greenwashing

The practice of making false or exaggerated claims about the environmental benefits or sustainability of a product, service, or company, often for marketing purposes.

Groundwater

Water that is stored underground in porous rocks or aquifers, providing a significant source of drinking water and irrigation for many regions.

H

Habitat

The specific environment or ecological conditions in which a particular species or community of organisms naturally lives and thrives.

Hail

Hail is a form of precipitation that falls from the sky as frozen ice pellets. It is formed when strong updrafts of warm air in thunderstorms carry raindrops high into the atmosphere, where they freeze and accumulate layers of ice before falling back to the ground.

Harmattan

Harmattan is a dry, dusty wind that blows across West Africa during the winter months. It is caused by the northeast trade winds that blow across the Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea, and can bring a thick haze of dust and sand, low visibility, and dry weather conditions.

Hazard

A source of potential harm, danger, or risk, often associated with natural disasters, environmental pollutants, or other threatening events or conditions.

Headward Erosion

Headward erosion refers to the erosion that occurs near the source or head of a river, stream, or valley. It is caused by the erosive action of water and other agents of erosion, such as wind, ice, and gravity, and can result in the lengthening of the river or stream channel.

Heat island

A localized area of higher temperatures in urban areas compared to the surrounding rural areas, often caused by the absorption and retention of heat by buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.

Heat Wave

A heat wave is a prolonged period of unusually hot weather, often accompanied by high humidity and little or no rainfall. It can cause a range of health problems, such as dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, and can also lead to wildfires, droughts, and other environmental hazards.

Heliocentric theory

The astronomical model that places the Sun at the center of the solar system, with the planets, including Earth, orbiting around it.

Herbicide

A substance or chemical compound used to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants, often applied in agriculture, forestry, or landscaping.

Heritage site

A place, monument, building, or natural area that has significant cultural, historical, or natural value and is recognized and protected by national or international organizations.

High-Order Centre

A high-order centre is a term used in urban geography to refer to an area within a city or town that provides both low-order goods and services, such as groceries and personal care items, as well as high-order goods and services, such as luxury items and professional services.

High-Order Goods/Services

High-order goods and services are products and services that are expensive, specialized, and generally require a larger market or higher income to support their production and consumption. Examples include luxury cars, high-end fashion, and specialized medical care.

High-pressure system

An atmospheric weather system characterized by descending air, generally associated with clear skies, calm conditions, and anticyclonic rotation.

Hill

A hill is an area of elevated land that rises above the surrounding terrain. It is generally smaller than a mountain and may have a rounded or flattened summit, with slopes that are gentler than those of a mountain.

Hilly Landscape

A hilly landscape is a region characterized by a series of hills and valleys, often formed by the erosive action of water and other agents of erosion over long periods of time.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system of the human body, eventually leading to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). It is transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk, and can be managed but not cured with antiretroviral therapy.

Hogsback

A hogsback is a term used to describe a narrow, steep-sided ridge or hill that has a sharp crest and a steep dip slope or scarp face. It is typically formed by the erosion of tilted sedimentary rock layers.

Homoclinal Ridge

A homoclinal ridge is a type of ridge that is characterized by a dip slope with an angle of 25 to 45 degrees. It is often formed by the differential erosion of resistant rock layers that have been tilted or folded.

Homogenization

The process of making uniform or standardized, often referring to cultural or economic practices, resulting in the loss of diversity or distinctiveness.

Horizontal photograph

A horizontal photograph is a type of image that is taken from ground level at a horizontal angle. This means that the camera is positioned parallel to the ground, resulting in a photograph that captures a wide view of the landscape.

Horst

A horst is a geological term that refers to a raised or thrust fault block. It is created when two parallel faults move away from each other, leaving a block of rock raised between them.

Hot air

Empty talk or statements that are meaningless, exaggerated, or lacking in substance.

Hot spot

A hot spot is a location on the Earth’s surface where there is unusually high volcanic activity, often far away from plate boundaries. This activity is caused by a plume of hot magma rising from the Earth’s mantle.

Human development

The process of improving human well-being and quality of life, often measured by indicators such as education, healthcare, income, and access to basic needs and services.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a method of assessing the level of development of a country by focusing on the quality of life and standard of living of its people. It takes into account factors such as education, healthcare, and income.

Humidity

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. It is expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at a given temperature and pressure.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean or eastern Pacific Ocean near the Americas. It is characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges.

Hydroelectric power

Electricity generated by harnessing the energy of moving water, typically by constructing dams or diverting water through turbines.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is a type of electric power generated by the movement of water. It is produced by using the kinetic energy of falling water to turn turbines that generate electricity.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a type of non-ozone depleting chemicals that are used instead of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in various applications, such as refrigeration and air conditioning.

Hydrograph

A hydrograph is a graph that shows the discharge or flow rate of a river or other waterway over time. It is used to study the effects of precipitation, snowmelt, and other factors on water levels.

Hydrological cycle

The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, refers to the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves the processes of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.

Hydrosphere

The entirety of Earth’s water, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor, constituting a vital component of the Earth’s systems and supporting life.

Hyperbole

A figure of speech involving exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect.

I

Ice age

A long period of time characterized by a significant drop in global temperatures, resulting in the expansion of ice sheets and glaciers and the alteration of global climate and sea levels.

Ice cap

A large mass of ice and snow that covers a significant portion of land, often found in polar regions or on high mountains, including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.

Ice sheet

A mass of glacial ice that covers a large area, typically exceeding 50,000 square kilometers (19,000 square miles), and is characterized by its thickness and slow movement.

Ice shelf

A floating platform of ice that extends from a landmass into the ocean, often formed by the seaward extension of glaciers or ice sheets.

Idealized

Presented in an overly favorable or perfect manner, often ignoring flaws or reality.

Idiom

A common expression or phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions of its words, such as ‘kick the bucket’.

Idiosyncratic

Characteristic of an individual; peculiar or unique habits or features specific to a person.

Igneous extrusion

Igneous extrusion is a type of igneous rock that forms on the Earth’s surface. It is created when magma is erupted onto the surface and cools and solidifies.

Igneous intrusion

An igneous intrusion is an underground rock formation that has solidified from magma. It can take the form of a dike, sill, or laccolith.

Igneous rock

Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It can be either intrusive (formed underground) or extrusive (formed on the Earth’s surface).

IKS

Indigenous Knowledge Systems, referring to the traditional knowledge, beliefs, and practices of indigenous communities that have been passed down through generations, often orally.

Immediate family members

For the purpose of this policy standard, immediate family member means mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, son, daughter, adoptive child, brother, sister; legal guardian, adoptive mother, or adoptive father, of the student.

Immigration

Immigration refers to the movement of people into a country from another country or region. It can be voluntary or involuntary and can be driven by economic, social, or political factors.

Impairment

Impairment is used to refer to the actual attributes (or lack of attributes), the abnormality of a person, whether in terms of limbs, organs or mechanisms, including psychological disabilities/shortcoming

Imperative form

A grammatical structure used for giving commands, requests, or advice, often omitting the subject of the sentence, as in ‘Open the door’.

Impermeable

Not allowing the passage of a fluid or substance, such as water or gases, often referring to rocks or soils with low permeability.

Implies

Suggests or indicates something without stating it directly.

Import quota

An import quota is a restriction placed on imported goods in terms of the amount of weight, volume, or number that can be brought into a country. It is often used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Incised meander

An incised meander is a type of meander that is cut deep into the landscape. It is formed when a river erodes its channel downward, creating a steep-sided valley.

Industrial zone

An industrial zone is an area where manufacturing and processing take place. It is often located outside of residential areas to minimize the impact of noise, pollution, and traffic on nearby communities.

Industrialization

The process of economic and social transformation characterized by the growth of industrial sectors, mechanization, urbanization, and the shift from an agrarian-based society to a manufacturing-based one.

Inevitability

The state of being certain to happen; unavoidable.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given population, often used as an indicator of the overall health and well-being of a society.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births for babies under one year old. It is an important indicator of the health and well-being of a population, as it reflects the availability and quality of medical care, nutrition, and overall living conditions for infants. A higher IMR indicates higher rates of infant deaths and can be a cause for concern.

Infer

To draw a conclusion based on evidence or reasoning, rather than from explicit statements.

Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics refers to statistical methods that use probability theory to make predictions or assess the likelihood of patterns or trends in data. It helps researchers draw conclusions about populations based on sample data. By analyzing data, inferential statistics can help identify relationships, trends, and patterns in the data that may not be immediately apparent.

Infiltration

Infiltration is the process by which water seeps into the air spaces of permeable rock and soil. It is an important part of the water cycle, as it helps replenish groundwater and supports plant growth. Infiltration rates depend on factors such as soil type, vegetation cover, and precipitation intensity.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Technologies that facilitate the storage, retrieval, transmission, and manipulation of information, including computers, the Internet, telecommunications, and digital devices.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, such as transportation systems, utilities, buildings, and communication networks.

Innovation

The process of creating, developing, and implementing new ideas, products, services, or methods that lead to social, economic, or technological advancement.

Input

Contributions such as ideas, advice, or suggestions that are provided for consideration or use.

Insolation

Insolation refers to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface during the day. It is an important factor in the Earth’s climate and can vary depending on factors such as latitude, season, and cloud cover.

Inspire

To stimulate or motivate someone to take action or produce creative work; to provide with a sense of purpose or excitement.

Institution

Any University established, deemed to be established or declared as a public University, under the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997, and/or subsequent amendments. Any public Technical and Vocational Education and Training College as established by the Further Education and Training Act 16 of 2006 (replaced the Further Education and Training Act 98 of 1998).

Integrate

Integrate means to bring together or incorporate. In geography, data integration refers to the process of combining data from different sources to create a more comprehensive understanding of a landscape. This can include data on land use, vegetation, topography, and other physical and human features.

Intensive agriculture

A form of agriculture characterized by high inputs per unit of land, including the use of fertilizers, irrigation, mechanization, and intensive management practices to maximize crop yields.

Intensive margin

The increase or decrease in the quantity produced by changing the intensity or efficiency of production methods or technology, without changing the scale or size of production.

Interdependence

The mutual reliance and interconnectedness of individuals, groups, regions, or nations on one another, often based on the exchange of goods, services, information, or resources.

Internal migration

The movement of individuals or groups within a country or region from one place to another, often associated with changes in residence, employment, or lifestyle.

International Date Line

An imaginary line located roughly along the 180° meridian, where the date changes by one day when crossing from east to west or vice versa, used as a reference for timekeeping and to define different calendar days.

International migration

International migration refers to the movement of people across state boundaries, either permanently or temporarily. It can be caused by factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, and social or environmental factors.

International trade

International trade refers to the exchange of goods or services across international boundaries or territories. It plays an important role in the global economy and can be influenced by factors such as trade policies, transportation infrastructure, and cultural differences.

Interpersonal

Relating to relationships or communication between people.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A region near the equator where trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere converge, often characterized by cloudy and rainy conditions.

Interval data

Interval data refers to data that displays measurements indicating the distance between the ranks of measured elements, but the starting point is arbitrarily assigned. For example, temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit are interval data, as there is no true zero point on these scales.

Interviewee

A person who is being interviewed, answering questions posed by an interviewer.

Intervisibility

Intervisibility refers to the ability to see from one point to another either up or down a slope. It is an important consideration in landscape analysis, as it can affect the accessibility and visibility of different areas.

Invasion and succession

Invasion and succession refers to the gradual replacement of one type of land use with another. This can be caused by natural processes such as ecological succession, or by human activities such as urbanization or deforestation.

Invasive species

Non-native species that establish and spread in ecosystems outside their natural range, often causing ecological, economic, or human health impacts.

Inversion

Inversion refers to a warm air layer lying above a cold surface layer or a cold air layer on the ground. It can lead to stable atmospheric conditions and can impact air quality.

Inverted sentences

Sentences in which the typical subject-verb-object order is rearranged, often for emphasis or stylistic reasons.

Invoke

To call upon or refer to something, such as a law, right, or higher power; or to elicit an idea, image, or emotion.

Irony

A figure of speech where words are used to convey a meaning opposite to their literal meaning, often to highlight the contrast between appearances and reality.

Island

An island is a landmass surrounded by water. Islands can vary in size and can be found in oceans, seas, and lakes around the world.

Island arc

An island arc is a curved cluster of volcanic islands. They are commonly found at subduction zones, where tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced beneath the other.

Isobar

A line on a map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure, often used to depict and analyze weather patterns and systems.

Isobars

Isobars are lines on a synoptic weather map that join all points that have the same atmospheric pressure. They are an important tool for predicting weather patterns and can provide information on the location and intensity of pressure systems.

Isolated settlements

Isolated settlements are settlements that consist of one or two buildings and are widely separated from any other settlements. They are often found in rural or remote areas and can be challenging to access.

Isoline

A line on a map connecting points of equal value or quantity of a particular geographic phenomenon or property, such as temperature, elevation, or population density.

Isostasy

The equilibrium or balance between the Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere, resulting in the buoyancy and vertical adjustments of land masses in response to changes in weight or loading.

Isotherm

An isotherm is a line on a map connecting points with the same temperature. They are an important tool for understanding temperature patterns and can provide information on factors such as altitude, latitude, and proximity to bodies of water.

Issue

An important topic, problem, or matter that is under discussion or debate.

J

Jargon

Specialized terminology used by a particular profession, group, or field, often incomprehensible to outsiders.

Jet stream

A jet stream is a high-speed, high altitude wind.

Joint

A joint is a crack or fracture.

Junction town

A junction town is a town that forms where roads or railways cross over.

K

Kalahari High

Kalahari High is a large high-pressure cell over South Africa’s interior; it is responsible for clear skies and dry conditions in winter.

Karoo landscape

A Karoo landscape is a flat tableland with isolated hills.

Katabatic wind

A katabatic wind is a downslope wind, often at a regional scale.

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is stored energy that is released due to motion or movement.

Knickpoint

A knickpoint is the place where the talus and pediment meet up or join; a point in a river’s course that marks an old base level; the slope is gentle above and steep below.

L

La Niña

La Niña is an unusual cooling of surface water in the eastern Pacific, accompanied by strong upwelling.

Laccolith

A laccolith is a rounded mushroom-shaped intrusion; an intrusion with a flat bottom and a dome-shaped top.

LAF

Loan Agreement Form

Lag time

Lag time is the time between the peak rainfall and peak discharge; the time between the heaviest rainfall and the greatest discharge.

Lagoon

A shallow body of water, often separated from the ocean or sea by a barrier island, coral reef, or sandbar, and characterized by calm and brackish or saline conditions.

Lake

A lake is a body of fresh water.

Laminar flow

Laminar flow is a smooth flow of water in layers.

Land breeze

A land breeze is an offshore wind; it blows from land to sea.

Land use zone

A land use zone is the land in an urban area that is set aside for a particular purpose or type of activity.

Landform

A landform is the general shape and appearance of physical features on the Earth’s surface.

Landlocked

Describing a country or region that is entirely surrounded by land and has no direct access to the ocean or sea.

Landlocked

Describing a country or region that is entirely surrounded by land and has no direct access to the ocean or sea.

Landmark

A prominent or recognizable feature or element in a landscape, history, or field of knowledge, used as a reference point.

Landsat

A series of Earth-observing satellites launched by NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), capturing images and data for monitoring and studying land cover, land use, and environmental changes.

Landsat

A series of Earth-observing satellites launched by NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), capturing images and data for monitoring and studying land cover, land use, and environmental changes.

Landslide

A landslide is a sudden mass movement, part slump, part debris flow.

Language variety

The diversity in language use among individuals or groups based on factors such as region, social class, context, or personal style.

Lapse rate

Lapse rate is a temperature decrease of 0.65 °C for every 100 m increase in altitude.

Latent heat

Latent heat is the heat that is stored or hidden in water vapor.

Lateral erosion

Lateral erosion is sideways erosion that makes a river channel or valley wider.

Latitude

Latitude is the angular distance of a place from the center of the Earth or the equator; the distance in degrees, North or South of the equator.

Lava

Lava is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface.

Lava lake

A lava lake is a crater filled with lava.

Lava plateau

A lava plateau is a thick, flat mass of lava.

Layout

The arrangement of text, images, and other elements on a page or screen, particularly in terms of visual design and presentation.

Legal Guardian

A legal guardian is one which is appointed: 1. By a decision of the High Court as the supreme guardian of a minor child 2. In terms of a will that was written by a sole parent or sole caregiver who passed away.

Legibly

In a manner that is clear and easy to read, with characters and words that are distinguishable.

Lentic ecosystem

A standing water ecosystem, such as a lake, pond, or wetland, characterized by relatively slow water movement or lack of flow.

Lentic ecosystem

A standing water ecosystem, such as a lake, pond, or wetland, characterized by relatively slow water movement or lack of flow.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy is the length of time a person is anticipated to live; the average number of years a group of people born in the same year can expect to live.

Line

A line is a string of points, x or y co-ordinates, or a chain of cells or pixels.

Line thunderstorm

A line thunderstorm is a gusty storm with heavy rainfall or hail; it takes place along a moisture front.

Linear shape

A linear shape is a shape that is in a straight line.

Literal language

Language in which words and phrases are used according to their standard, dictionary definitions, without figurative or metaphorical meanings.

Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the crust and part of the upper mantle.

Loan Agreement Form (LAF)

This is the loan agreement documentation between the student and NSFAS for loans provided in terms of the National Credit Act.

Location

Location is the situation of a settlement in relation to its physical features and its immediate environment.

Logical connectors

Words or phrases that create cohesion in writing by linking sentences, paragraphs, or sections of text, such as ‘however’, ‘therefore’, or ‘in addition’.

Longitude

Longitude is the angular distance of a place from the North Pole to the South Pole, which runs perpendicular (vertical) to lines/circles of latitude.

Longitudinal profile

A longitudinal profile is a ‘slice’ through the river, from source to mouth.

Longwall mining

Longwall mining is a method of extracting coal from a section of the coal seam where miners move along the mine shaft.

Lopolith

A lopolith is a concave saucer-shaped intrusion; a sagging sill or saucer-shaped intrusion.

Low-order centre

A low-order centre is an area within a town, or a town itself, that offers low-order goods and services only; the everyday items and services that are bought close to home.

Lyrics

The words or text of a song, often conveying a story, theme, or emotion.

M

Magma

Magma is molten rock below the Earth’s crust.

Magnetic bearing

A magnetic bearing is the 16 cardinal points and the 360° which are used to find the location of one place in relation to another.

Magnetic declination

Magnetic declination is the angle between true north and magnetic north. Magnetic north is the direction in which a compass needle points. It is located to the west of true north.

Magnetic field

A region of magnetic force or influence around a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particles, such as the Earth’s magnetic field that extends into space.

Magnetic field

A region of magnetic force or influence around a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particles, such as the Earth’s magnetic field that extends into space.

Mangrove

A type of salt-tolerant tree or shrub species that grows in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, characterized by unique adaptations to survive in brackish water, tidal zones, and muddy soils.

Mangrove

A type of salt-tolerant tree or shrub species that grows in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, characterized by unique adaptations to survive in brackish water, tidal zones, and muddy soils.

Mantle

The mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth, which is a sticky or syrup-like, semi-solid rock.

Map projection

Map projection is the process of mapping the curved Earth onto a flat surface.

Mariculture

Mariculture is the farming of fish, shellfish, and seaweed in sheltered areas in the sea.

Marine protected area

A designated region of ocean or coastal waters that is protected and managed to preserve and conserve marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources.

Maritime climate

Maritime climate refers to the climate in coastal regions in the mid-latitudes characterized by warm summers and cool winters.

Marooned

Being left stranded in a place, usually isolated, without any means of leaving or communicating with others. This term often implies that the person is stuck in a remote or desolate place, like an island.

Mass movement

Mass movement, also known as mass wasting, is the movement of material down slopes under the pull of gravity.

Master overlay

A master overlay is the complete map of all the overlays used to form a composite.

Meander

A meander is a U-shaped bend in a river.

Media Texts

Media texts refer to any content, whether it be written, spoken, or visual, that is created with the intent to communicate messages to a larger audience. This encompasses a broad range of formats including newspaper articles, television broadcasts, radio shows, advertisements, social media posts, and more.

Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean climate is a type of subtropical climate with warm to hot summers and cool, wet winters.

Medium

A means through which information or content is communicated or conveyed. This could include traditional forms such as newspapers, books, and television, as well as digital media like websites, social media platforms, and podcasts.

Megacity

A megacity is a city with a population of 10 million people or more.

Melody

A series of musical notes arranged in succession that create a pleasing or expressive tune. Melodies often form the recognizable, singable part of a piece of music.

Memorable

Being worthy of remembrance or easily remembered due to having distinctive, unique, or exceptionally good qualities.

Merit

A quality of excellence, worthiness, or commendable value. Merit often implies that something or someone has earned recognition or reward through their actions or attributes.

Mesa

A mesa is a flat-topped hill or mountain with steep slopes at the top and more gradual slopes further down.

Mesosphere

The mesosphere is the middle atmosphere where meteors burn up.

Metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rock is rock formed when other rock (igneous or sedimentary rock) is changed by very high temperature or pressure.

Metaphor

A figure of speech wherein a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable, aiming to create a comparison that brings out specific qualities or characteristics. Unlike similes, metaphors do not use ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Meteorologist

A meteorologist is someone who studies the weather.

Meteorology

Meteorology is the science of the atmosphere.

Microclimate

Microclimate refers to the climate of a small, specific area, such as a forest, valley, or city.

Mid-latitude cyclone

A mid-latitude cyclone is a large, low-pressure weather system made up of warm and cold fronts, also called an extratropical cyclone, temperate depression, or frontal system.

Mid-latitudes

Mid-latitudes refer to the areas between the tropics and the polar regions, about 30°–60°N and S.

Mid-ocean ridge

A mid-ocean ridge is a long underwater mountain chain formed on new ocean floors.

Migrant

A migrant is a person who moves from one place to another.

Migrant labour

Migrant labour refers to selling one’s labor in an area other than their home area.

Migration

The movement of individuals or groups of organisms from one place to another, often involving seasonal or long-distance movements for breeding, feeding, or survival purposes.

Milankovitch cycles

Long-term variations in Earth’s orbital eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession, affecting the distribution and intensity of solar radiation received on the planet, and influencing climate patterns over tens of thousands of years.

Milieu

Refers to the social environment, setting, or cultural context in which something occurs or develops. It encompasses the customs, attitudes, and values of a particular group, community, or period.

Mineral

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid substance with a specific chemical composition and crystalline structure, often formed through geological processes.

Mining

The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth’s crust, often involving excavation, drilling, and processing of ores for economic purposes.

Minute

A minute is the segment of the latitudinal or longitudinal line on a map.

Minutes

The official written record of what was said and decided during a meeting. Minutes usually include the list of attendees, topics discussed, decisions made, and any agreed-upon actions to be taken.

Misfit stream

A misfit stream is a river that is too small to have shaped the valley through which it flows.

Mist

Mist is a thin cloud just above the ground.

MNSFSH

Policy on the minimum norms and standards for student housing at public universities (2015)

Moderating effect

Moderating effect refers to the way the sea influences the climate.

Moisture front

A moisture front is a boundary over the interior where warm, moist air blowing from the northeast (Indian Ocean) meets cool, dry air from the southwest (Atlantic Ocean).

Moment scale

The moment scale is the number scale now used to measure the size of an earthquake.

Monotone

A manner of speaking wherein the voice does not vary in pitch or tone, often resulting in a droning or uninteresting sound. Monotone speech lacks the inflections that typically express emotions or emphasis.

Monsoon

A monsoon is a wind system that reverses direction with the seasons.

Morphological structure

Morphological structure refers to the landforms and structures, including their shape, size, and distribution.

Motif

A recurring element, theme, or concept in an artistic or literary work that has symbolic significance. Motifs can take various forms, including symbols, characters, images, or sounds, and contribute to the development of the work’s theme or message.

Motions

Formal proposals or suggestions put forward during a meeting or assembly for debate and vote. Motions are an essential part of parliamentary procedure and are used to instigate decisions or actions.

Mountain

A landform that rises significantly above its surrounding area, typically with steep slopes and high elevation, often formed through tectonic processes or volcanic activity.

Mud flow

A mud flow, or mudslide, is the fast flow of mud debris downslope.

Mudflat

A mudflat is a low-lying area alongside a river, periodically under water or wet because of the river flow.

Multilateral aid

Multilateral aid refers to the aid given through an international organization from several countries’ governments.

Multimodal

Referring to multiple modes or methods of communication or activity. In education and communication, it refers to using various methods and media, such as text, images, and audio, to convey information or concepts.

Multinational corporation (MnC)

A multinational corporation (MnC) is a large corporation that produces goods or services in more than one country, also called transnational corporations or TNCs.

Multiple-nuclei model

The multiple-nuclei model suggests that the city is divided into many centers around which activities revolve.

N

NATED (Report 191) Programme

A three-year post-school qualification at NQF level 6 with a total of 360 credits, and consisting of a combination of N4, N5 and N6 certificates and a workplace-based learning component of 18 months (Business and Services Studies) or 24 months (Engineering Studies).

National Certificate Vocational

A qualification with 120 to 140 minimum credits at levels 2, 3 or 4 of the NQF that will be awarded to students who comply with the national policy requirements of the NC(V).

National ID

South African Identity Document number.

National park

A protected area designated by a national government to conserve and preserve unique natural, cultural, or historical features, providing opportunities for recreation, education, and scientific study.

Natural disaster

An extreme event or phenomenon, often resulting from natural processes, that causes significant damage, destruction, or loss of life and property, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, or wildfires.

Natural resource

A natural resource is a resource found in the environment, such as air, wind, atmosphere, plants, animals, forests, fossil fuels, soil, water, oceans, or rivers.

NBA

NSFAS Bursary Agreement

NCV

National Certificate Vocational

Neck

A neck is a low-lying area between two high-lying areas.

Negate

To nullify, invalidate, or cancel out the effect of something. In logic, it refers to the assertion of the opposite of a proposition.

Negative growth rate

Negative growth rate refers to the situation where the number of deaths in a population is higher than the number of births, resulting in a decrease in population size.

Net reproduction rate (NRR)

Net reproduction rate (NRR) is the estimated average number of female newborns a woman will have during her childbearing years, assuming she does not die during this time.

Neutrally

Expressing or presenting information without showing personal opinions or emotions, often in a detached or impartial manner. This is often important in contexts such as journalism or scientific reporting, where objectivity is valued.

Node

A node is a point where two lines intersect, or where a line begins or ends.

Nom de Plume

A pseudonym or pen name adopted by an author to conceal their true identity. It is often used by writers to separate themselves from their work for various reasons, including wanting to avoid controversy or simply preferring anonymity.

Nominal data

Nominal data refers to data that categorizes features based on types or classes.

Non-renewable resources

Non-renewable resources are resources that take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished at the same rate they are being used.

Non-spatial statistics

Non-spatial statistics are statistical methods used to analyze attribute values associated with features.

Nonrenewable resource

A natural resource that cannot be replenished or regenerated within a human-relevant timescale, such as fossil fuels or minerals.

Nonverbal

Communication that does not involve words. Instead, it uses other forms of expression such as facial expressions, gestures, body language, eye contact, or tone of voice.

Northings

Northings are the grid numbers that represent the vertical axis on a map.

Notice

A written announcement or public communication that imparts information or news. Notices are often used to inform people of events, policies, or other important information.

Noun

A part of speech that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns can be proper (names of specific people or places) or common (general things, concepts, or ideas).

Noun Phrase

A group of words that function together as a noun within a sentence. A noun phrase typically includes a noun along with other words such as adjectives or modifiers that provide additional information about the noun.

Nuclear radiation

Nuclear radiation is the energy and particles released from an atomic nucleus due to radioactive decay and nuclear reactions.

O

Obituary

A written notice of a person’s death, usually published in a newspaper or online platform. It often includes a brief account of the person’s life, accomplishments, and information about memorial services.

Objective

Based on or influenced by factual information rather than personal opinions, emotions, or biases. Being objective implies a commitment to discovering the truth or reality of a situation.

Oblique

Oblique refers to something that is tilted or not perpendicular.

Occlusion

Occlusion is the forcing of air upwards and off the Earth’s surface.

Occupational programme

A qualification that consists of a minimum of 25 credits associated with a trade, occupation or profession, resulting from work-based learning and consisting of the knowledge practical skills and work experience standards as defined in the Skills Development Act No 97 of 1998, that has been approved for funding by NSFAS.

Ocean

A vast body of saltwater that covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, consisting of interconnected basins and containing numerous ecosystems, marine species, and geological features.

Ocean currents

Ocean currents are large-scale movements of ocean water.

Ocean trenches

Ocean trenches are deep valleys in the ocean floor, and they are the deepest parts of the ocean.

Offshore drilling

Offshore drilling is the process of extracting fossil fuels from the sea.

Onomatopoeia

A literary device in which a word imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound it describes. For example, words like ‘buzz’, ‘hiss’, or ‘bang’ evoke the sounds they represent.

Ordinal data

Ordinal data is data that is ranked but does not provide actual measurements.

Outliers

Outliers are extreme values that fall outside of the typical range of a data set.

Over-fishing

Over-fishing refers to the practice of taking too much food from the sea, which can lead to the depletion of fish populations.

Overburden

Overburden refers to the rock and soil that covers a coal seam.

Overcome

To successfully deal with or gain control over a problem, obstacle, or emotion. It implies triumphing over something that poses a challenge.

Overgrazing

Overgrazing occurs when cattle eat vegetation faster than it can regrow or be replaced, leading to the degradation of the land.

Overpopulation

Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people in an area, which can lead to a strain on natural resources.

Ozone

Ozone is a blue gas made up of three oxygen atoms.

Ozone depletion

The gradual thinning and reduction of the ozone layer in the Earth’s stratosphere, often caused by human-produced chemicals known as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).

Ozone layer

A region of the Earth’s stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone (O3) molecules, which plays a critical role in absorbing and filtering out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun.

P

Pampas

A vast grassland ecosystem found in South America, particularly in Argentina and Uruguay, characterized by fertile soils, temperate climate, and a diverse range of grasses and wildlife.

Pangea

Pangea was the name given to the supercontinent that existed 225 million years ago when all of Earth’s land masses were locked together.

Parallel

An imaginary line or circle on the Earth’s surface that is equidistant from the equator, often used in geographic coordinates to indicate latitude.

Parallel retreat (or scarp retreat)

Parallel retreat (or scarp retreat) is a form of slope erosion where the angle of each part of the slope stays the same.

Paraphrase

To restate what someone else has said or written, but using different words. Paraphrasing is often used to simplify or clarify the original text.

Parts of Speech

The grammatical categories into which words are classified based on their functions within a sentence. The traditional parts of speech in English are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Pediplain

Pediplain is a flat and wide area at the bottom of a valley or canyon.

Peneplain

Peneplain is a flat and featureless landscape that has been eroded down to sea level.

Perception

The process by which individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information to understand their environment. Perception is subjective and influenced by past experiences, beliefs, and cultural factors.

Perennial river

A perennial river is a river that flows all year round.

Perfect storm

A perfect storm is a combination of weather conditions that creates an exceptionally severe weather event.

Periodic river

A periodic river is a river that mainly flows during the rainy season.

Perjury

The criminal act of deliberately providing false information or lying while under oath, especially in a court of law. Perjury is considered a serious offense as it can undermine the integrity of legal proceedings.

Permafrost

Permafrost is soil and water that is permanently frozen.

Permanent migrant

A permanent migrant is a person who permanently moves to another area.

Permanent Resident

An individual who is in possession of a valid Permanent Residency Permit issued by the Department of Home Affairs in South Africa.

Permanent river

A permanent river is a river that flows throughout the year.

Personification

A literary device in which human qualities or characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, such as objects, animals, or abstract concepts. For example, ‘The wind whispered through the trees’.

Persuasive Language

Language used with the intention of influencing or persuading an audience to accept a certain point of view or to take a specific action. Persuasive language employs rhetorical techniques, emotional appeals, and carefully chosen words.

Pest

An organism, typically an insect, animal, or plant, that is considered harmful or destructive to crops, livestock, human health, or ecosystems.

pH scale

The pH scale is a scale used to measure acidity.

Photon

A photon is a basic unit of light that travels in waves.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and algae make their own food using sunlight.

Photovoltaic cell

A device that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy by utilizing the photoelectric effect, commonly known as a solar cell.

Photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaic energy is a form of solar energy that directly converts the Sun’s rays into electricity.

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are single-celled, plant-like algae.

Pipe

A pipe is a channel through which magma flows within a volcano.

Pique

To stimulate or provoke interest, curiosity, or a specific reaction. It can also refer to arousing a feeling, such as annoyance or pride.

Pithy

Marked by conciseness and substance. Pithy statements are brief yet capture the essence of the intended message effectively.

Pixel

A pixel is a small dot that forms the basic unit of an image in digital technology.

Plains

Extensive, relatively flat or gently rolling regions characterized by low relief and minimal variations in elevation, often covered by grasses or shrubs and suitable for agriculture or grazing.

Plate tectonics

The scientific theory that describes the movement and interaction of the Earth’s lithospheric plates, resulting in the formation of continents, ocean basins, mountains, and earthquakes.

Plateau

A plateau is a high plain or tableland that is generally flat.

Plausibility

The quality of seeming reasonable, believable, or likely to be true. A plausible statement or argument is one that appears to be based on solid reasoning, even if it is not necessarily true.

Pledges

Formal and solemn promises or commitments to do something in the future, often made publicly.

Point

A point is a specific location or coordinate.

Point of origin

The point of origin is the starting point where the vertical and horizontal axes meet.

Polar cell

A polar cell is a circulating mass of cold air in the Arctic and Antarctic regions that generates polar easterly winds.

Polar climate

A climate zone characterized by extremely cold temperatures, high latitudes, and the presence of polar ice caps, with little variation in daylight hours throughout the year.

Polar easterly

A polar easterly is a prevailing wind in the polar regions.

Polar front

The polar front is the boundary between a warm air mass from the Ferrel cell and a cold air mass from a polar cell.

Polar regions

The polar regions are the frigid zones located near the North and South poles, approximately between 66°-90° N and S.

Pole

The pole is the point located at 90°N or 90°S.

Political migrant

A political migrant is a person who moves from their country of birth due to political reasons.

Pollution

Pollution is the release of waste materials that can harm humans, animals, and the environment.

Pollution dome

A pollution dome is a mass of polluted air that is trapped temporarily over a city or industrial area.

Polygon

A polygon is a shape with many sides, created by connecting lines to enclose an area.

Population density

Population density is the number of people living in a particular area per square kilometer.

Population distribution

Population distribution is the pattern of where people live in the world.

Population indicators

Population indicators are facts and figures about the structure of a population.

Position

Position refers to the specific location of an object.

Potable water

Water that is safe and suitable for drinking, free from harmful contaminants, pollutants, or pathogens.

Potential

Possessing qualities or abilities that, while not currently in use or realized, could lead to future development or success.

Potential energy

Potential energy is energy that is stored and can be released.

Poverty

The state of being extremely poor or lacking the resources and means for a basic standard of living, often characterized by inadequate access to food, shelter, education, and healthcare.

Precipitation

Precipitation is water that falls from the atmosphere in the form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet.

Prefix

A word element attached to the beginning of a root word to modify its meaning. For example, in the word ‘unlikely’, ‘un-‘ is a prefix that turns the word ‘likely’ into its opposite.

Pressure gradient

Pressure gradient is the change in air pressure over a given distance.

Primary sector

The sector
of the economy that involves the extraction and production of natural resources, such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and energy production.

Primate city

A primate city is the most important city in a country or region.

Prime Meridian

The imaginary line or meridian located at 0° longitude, from which eastward and westward measurements of longitude are made, and passing through Greenwich, London.

Privatization

Privatization is the process of transferring state-owned industries or corporations to private ownership.

Procrastination

The action of delaying or postponing tasks or decisions, often ones that are necessary or important. It is generally viewed as a habit that can reduce productivity and cause stress.

Protectionist

Protectionist is a policy that protects local goods in the local market.

Proximity

The state of being near or close to something in distance or time. Proximity can influence relationships, communication, and interactions.

Prudent

Acting with or showing thought and care for the future. Being prudent involves making decisions based on careful judgment and consideration of potential risks and consequences.

Public transportation

Transportation services, such as buses, trains, trams, and subways, that are available for use by the general public, often operated by government agencies or private companies.

Public-private partnership

A public-private partnership is a collaboration between the government and private businesses.

Pull factor

A pull factor is a positive reason for leaving one’s country of birth.

Push factor

A push factor is a negative reason for leaving one’s country of birth.

Q

QCTO

Quality Council for Trades and Occupations

Quarrying

The extraction of stone, sand, gravel, or other minerals from the Earth’s surface for use in construction, manufacturing, or landscaping.

Quatrain

A stanza or poem consisting of four lines, often with a specific rhyme scheme. Quatrains are a common form used in various types of poetry.

Quell

To suppress, pacify, or bring under control, often by using force or authority. It can refer to quelling rebellions, fears, or doubts.

R

Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of heat in the form of waves.

Radiation fog

Radiation fog is fog that forms in valleys due to the cooling effect of terrestrial radiation on clear, calm nights.

Radiometric resolution

Radiometric resolution is the number of possible brightness values in each band of data, determined by the number of bits into which the recorded energy is divided.

Rain

Rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form.

Rain shadow

A rain shadow is the dry area on the leeward side of a mountain where rain clouds cannot reach.

Rainforest

A dense and diverse forest ecosystem characterized by high annual rainfall, typically found in tropical regions near the equator, supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species.

Range of goods

The range of goods is the maximum distance a person is willing to travel to obtain certain goods.

Rangeland

A large, open area of land, often semi-arid or arid, characterized by natural vegetation, such as grasses or shrubs, and used for grazing livestock or wildlife habitat.

Rapids

Rapids are a section of a river with fast and turbulent water flowing over rocks.

Raster data

Raster data is information that represents the landscape as a rectangular grid of square cells.

Raster model

A raster model is a model that uses pixels (small square units) to show information.

Ratio data

Ratio data is information that shows the highest level of measurements and includes an absolute starting point.

Rebuke

To express sharp disapproval or criticism due to someone’s behavior or actions. A rebuke can be verbal or written and is often delivered as a reprimand or scolding.

Recycling

The process of collecting, sorting, processing, and reusing materials or products that would otherwise be considered waste, often to conserve resources, reduce pollution, and promote sustainability.

Redundant

Characterized by being more than is necessary, often involving repetition or duplication. In language, redundancy can make expressions wordy and less effective, whereas in engineering, it can be used as a backup or fail-safe.

Redundant

Characterized by being more than is necessary, often involving repetition or duplication. In language, redundancy can make expressions wordy and less effective, whereas in engineering, it can be used as a backup or fail-safe.

Reference grid

A reference grid is a series of lines that make up a grid with numbers used for reference.

Reflection

Reflection is the bouncing back of light or heat.

Reflexive Pronoun

A type of pronoun that is used when the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing. In English, reflexive pronouns include words like ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ‘himself’, ‘herself’, ‘itself’, ‘ourselves’, ‘yourselves’, and ‘themselves’.

Refugee

A refugee is a person who lives outside their own country and is unable or unwilling to return for fear of persecution.

Regional migration

Regional migration is the movement of people between regions of a country or a continent.

Registered student

A student registered on an approved qualification at an institution.

Regolith

Regolith is a loose mixture of rock and soil.

Reiterate

To repeat or say something again, usually for emphasis or to ensure clarity. Reiteration can be used to stress the importance of a point or to make sure that the information is understood correctly.

Rejuvenate

To make something or someone look or feel younger, fresher, or more lively. This can involve physical revitalization, as well as the restoration of energy, spirit, or vitality.

Rejuvenation

Rejuvenation is the process in which a river gains new energy and eroding power.

Relative humidity

Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to how much it could hold at a particular temperature.

Relative position

Relative position is the relationship of one place to another.

Relevance

The state of being closely connected to the matter at hand. Something that is relevant is directly related to and important for understanding or solving an issue or topic.

Relief

Relief is the physical features on the Earth’s surface, such as elevation or variation in height.

Relief rainfall/orographic rainfall

Relief rainfall, also known as orographic rainfall, is the rainfall produced by moist air rising over a mountain.

Remote sensing

Remote sensing is the collection of data about an object or event from a distance without making physical contact with the object.

Renewable

Renewable refers to a resource that can be replaced as fast as it is used up.

Renewable energy

Energy obtained from natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated within a human-relevant timescale, such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy.

Reservoir

A human-made or natural storage area or container that holds water, often used for water supply, irrigation, flood control, or hydroelectric power generation.

Residential zone

A residential zone is an area dedicated for housing.

Resilience

The capacity of a system, community, or individual to withstand, adapt to, and recover from shocks, disturbances, or changes, often associated with ecological, social, or economic systems.

Resolution

Resolution is how accurately the location and shape of features can be depicted at a given scale.

Resource

A resource is anything that can be used to improve living conditions.

Returning student

A senior student who was not funded by the NSFAS in the immediate prior academic term and needs to re-apply for funding.

Reverse/thrust fault

A reverse/thrust fault is a crack that forms when rock is compressed and one block is pushed up.

Revolution

Revolution is the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, which takes one year to complete.

Rhetorical Question

A question asked not to receive an answer but rather to make a point or create an effect. Rhetorical questions are often used for emphasis, to provoke thought, or to express a viewpoint.

Richter scale

The Richter scale is a number scale that was used in the past to measure the size of an earthquake.

Ridge

A ridge is a long, narrow high-lying area with steep sides leading to lower ground.

Rife

Abundantly present or widespread, usually referring to something undesirable or harmful. For example, a place can be rife with crime, or a report can be rife with errors.

Rift valley

A rift valley is the stretch of lowland between mountains caused by a normal fault.

River

A river is a natural channel of fresh water runoff.

River capture/stream piracy

River capture or stream piracy is the process by which a more energetic river hijacks the flow of a less energetic river, usually by eroding through a watershed.

River mouth

The river mouth is the part of a river that empties into a larger body of water, usually the sea.

River system

A river system is all the rivers or stream channels in a drainage basin.

River valley

A river valley is a valley with a river flowing through it.

Rock cycle

The rock cycle is the cycle by which rocks are slowly made, broken down, remade, and changed.

Rock fall

A rock fall is the free fall of rocks down a slope.

Room-and-pillar mining

Room-and-pillar mining is a method of extracting coal deposits by cutting rooms” in the coal seam and leaving behind coal “pillars.”

Runoff

Water that flows across the surface of the land.

Rural

Relating to, characteristic of, or situated in the countryside or areas outside of urban or developed regions, often associated with agriculture, natural landscapes, and lower population densities.

Rural-urban fringe

A transition zone between town and countryside.

Rural-urban migration

The movement of people from rural to urban areas.

S

Saddle/pass

A low-lying area between two high-lying areas, wider than a neck.

Salinity

The concentration of dissolved salts, particularly sodium chloride (table salt), in water or soil, often measured in parts per thousand (ppt) or percentage (%).

Saltwater

Water that has a high concentration of dissolved salts.

Sand dune

A hill, ridge, or mound of sand formed by wind or water action, often found in desert or coastal environments and exhibiting distinct shapes and patterns.

Sandbank

A build-up of material deposited on the sides of a river.

Sarcasm

The use of irony to mock or convey contempt. Sarcasm often involves saying the opposite of what is really meant, in a dry or cutting tone.

SARS

South African Revenue Services

Satellite

An object placed in orbit to perform specific tasks.

Satellite image

A photograph of the Earth taken from space.

Saturated air

Air that is full of water vapor.

Scale

The ratio of the distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

Scale

The relationship or ratio between a measurement or distance on a map, photograph, or model and the corresponding measurement or distance on the Earth’s surface, often expressed as a fraction or ratio.

Scarp retreat/back wasting

The erosion of a steep slope parallel to its sides.

Scarp retreat/back wasting

The erosion of a steep slope parallel to its sides.

Scarp slope

A steep slope formed by the erosion of tilted strata.

Scattering

To send in all directions.

Sea-floor spreading

The process of forming new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, causing the ocean to slowly widen.

Seasons

Distinct changes in weather and climate that occur regularly throughout the year.

Second

A unit of time on a map divided into seconds.

Secondary city

A city that is emerging or rapidly growing.

Secondary sector

The sector of the economy that involves the processing, manufacturing, and assembly of raw materials into finished products, often including industries such as manufacturing, construction, and utilities.

Sector model

A model that divides a city into slices, with a central business district or city center.

Sediment

Solid particles, such as sand, silt, clay, or organic matter, that are transported and deposited by water, wind, ice, or gravity, often accumulating in layers over time.

Sedimentary rock

Rock that is formed from layers of compacted sediment.

Seismic activity

The occurrence and frequency of earthquakes, vibrations, or other movements of the Earth’s crust resulting from tectonic forces or volcanic processes.

Seismic wave

A vibration that travels through the Earth’s crust.

Seismogram

A graph that is made by a seismograph, used to measure the location and size of earthquakes.

Seismograph

An instrument used to measure the location and size of earthquakes.

Seismology

The scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves, including their origins, propagation, and effects, often contributing to our understanding of Earth’s internal structure and tectonic activity.

Seldom

Not often; rarely. It is used to describe something that happens infrequently or with low regularity.

Senior student

A student that has been registered at an institution in a previous academic term, whether they have received NSFAS funding previously or not.

Sensor

Sensory Language

Language that evokes the senses and helps create a vivid picture or experience for the reader or listener. Sensory language includes words and phrases that describe how things look, sound, smell, taste, and feel.

Settlement

A place or area that is permanently occupied by people.

Settlement geography

The study of human settlement in different areas.

Shadow

A darkened shape on a surface that falls behind something that is blocking the light.

Shadow zone

The part of a valley or slope that does not receive sunlight.

Sheetwash

Widespread surface erosion caused by heavy rainfall.

Shield volcano

A wide volcano that produces runny lava.

Silicates

Compounds of silicon and oxygen.

Silicon chip

A small piece of almost pure silicon that contains millions of transistors controlling the flow of electric current, and other tiny electronic circuit components.

Sill

A horizontal sheet-like intrusion injected along cracks in the rock.

Simple spatial representation

A straightforward map that shows a particular aspect of reality.

Simplify

To make something less complex or complicated, easier to understand or do. This can involve breaking down complex concepts into more basic elements, removing unnecessary elements, or finding a more straightforward approach.

Site

The specific land on which a settlement is built.

Situation

The surrounding area of a settlement and its relationship with other locations.

Skew

To distort or bias.

Slander

The act of making false spoken statements that damage the reputation of someone. Slander is a form of defamation and is considered a legal offense in many jurisdictions.

Slant

To present questions or information in a way that is biased towards a particular viewpoint.

Slope aspect

The direction in which a slope points.

Slope decline

A form of slope erosion where a gentle slope replaces a steep slope.

Slope replacement

A form of slope erosion where the angle of the lower part of the slope decreases.

Slope retreat

The cutting back or receding of a slope.

Slump

The drop of slope material along a curved slippage plane.

Smog

A mixture of smoke and fog.

Smog

A type of air pollution characterized by a mixture of smoke and fog, often resulting from the combination of air pollutants, such as vehicle emissions,
industrial pollutants, and atmospheric conditions.

Snow

A frozen form of precipitation that falls as tiny ice crystals linked together as snowflakes.

Soil creep

The very slow heaving or lifting movement of individual particles downslope.

Soil erosion

The process of detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles by wind, water, or ice, often resulting from the removal of vegetation or improper land management practices.

Soil fluction or solifluction

The slow flow of water-logged soil in cold regions.

Soil profile

The different layers of soil.

Solar energy

The light energy from the Sun that is transformed to electric or thermal energy.

Solar energy

Energy derived from the sun’s radiation, often harnessed using technologies such as solar panels or solar thermal systems to generate heat or electricity.

Solar radiation

The Sun’s energy that consists of short and long electromagnetic waves.

Solar thermal power

The power from direct sunlight used to generate electricity.

Solid waste

Waste from organic or inorganic sources, such as newspapers, containers, and product packaging.

Solstice

The time at which one of the hemispheres receives maximum insolation.

Source of a river

The furthest point along a river from the river mouth or confluence; it can be a spring, lake, or run-off.

South Atlantic High

A large high-pressure cell in the Atlantic Ocean.

South Indian High

A large high-pressure cell in the Indian Ocean.

South-South trade

The trade between less economically developed countries.

Southern oscillation

The fluctuation or change in atmospheric pressure over the equatorial western Pacific Ocean.

Spatial aspects

The geographical space or parameters of a region, country, or community.

Spatial object

An object or feature on the ground that is stored in a database and has a geographic location.

Spatial resolution

The level of detail and size of objects that can be distinguished in an image or data set, either in terms of the smallest object that can be resolved by a sensor or the linear dimension on the ground represented by each pixel or grid cell in an image.

Spatial statistics

Statistical analysis that focuses on the spatial relationships between features, such as the distance between objects or the clustering of data points.

Spatially referenced data

Data that includes information about the geographic location of features on the Earth’s surface, usually represented by coordinates.

Species

A distinct type or category of living organisms that share common characteristics, can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, and are classified within a particular genus or family.

Spectral characteristic

The unique properties and behavior of matter in response to electromagnetic radiation.

Spectral reflectance curve

A graph that shows how much energy an object reflects at different wavelengths of light, which can be used to identify the material composition of the object.

Spectral reflection

The image or data that shows the differences in the amount of energy that is reflected, absorbed, and transmitted by an object at different wavelengths, which can be used to identify the object’s material properties.

Spectral resolution

The ability of a sensor to distinguish between different wavelengths of light in the electromagnetic spectrum, either in terms of the specific wavelengths that can be detected or the size of the pixels in an image.

Sphere of influence

The geographic area or market in which an entity or organization has the most influence or control.

Spiral rainbands

Curved bands of clouds that spiral inward toward the center of a tropical cyclone, often associated with heavy rainfall.

Spot height

The height of a specific point on a map, usually marked by a dot with a number next to it indicating the height in meters above sea level.

Spur

A ridge or high-lying area of land that extends outward from a larger landform.

Stanza

A group of lines forming a unit in a poem or song. Stanzas can vary in length and are usually characterized by a pattern of rhyme and meter.

Station model

A graphical representation of weather conditions at a particular location, usually shown as a series of symbols representing temperature, pressure, wind speed, and other meteorological variables.

Storm surge

A rapid increase in sea level along a coast, typically caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure, which can cause flooding and damage to coastal infrastructure.

Straight line distance

The distance between two points measured in a straight line, ignoring any curves or obstacles in between.

Strait

A narrow waterway or channel that connects two larger bodies of water, often serving as a passage or route for maritime transportation.

Strata

A layer of rock or sediment, often found in sedimentary rock formations.

Stratosphere

The layer of Earth’s atmosphere located above the troposphere, characterized by the presence of the ozone layer.

Stratovolcano/composite volcano

A tall, steep-sided volcano composed of layers of lava and ash, often with explosive eruptions.

Stratus cloud

A low-lying cloud that appears as a flat, featureless layer of gray or white clouds, often covering large areas of sky and associated with light precipitation or fog.

Stream

A body of water that flows in a channel.

Stream order

A measure of the size of a river relative to others in the river system based on the number of tributaries and their size.

Strike-slip fault

A crack that forms when rock is sheared and one block slides sideways past the other. These faults are commonly found along transform plate boundaries where tectonic plates are sliding past each other horizontally. Strike-slip faults can produce earthquakes.

Sub-replacement fertility stage

Occurs when the number of births is less than the replacement number needed to maintain or expand the population figures. This is a concern for countries that rely on a younger generation to support an aging population.

Subduction

The process in which the heavier of two converging tectonic plates sinks down into the mantle. This process can result in the formation of mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, and deep-sea trenches.

Subduction

The process by which one tectonic plate descends beneath another plate at a convergent boundary, often forming trenches, volcanic arcs, and seismic activity.

Sublime

Of such excellence, beauty, or grandeur as to inspire great admiration or awe. The term is often used to describe natural phenomena, art, or other experiences that evoke a sense of wonder.

Subpolar low

A belt of low pressure around 60°N and S. It is a region where cold polar air meets warmer air from lower latitudes, leading to the formation of low-pressure systems and stormy weather.

Subsidence

Descending air that creates a region of high pressure. This can result in clear skies and calm weather. However, in some cases, subsidence can lead to droughts or heatwaves.

Subsistence agriculture

A form of agriculture focused on producing enough food to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and their family, often using traditional methods and minimal inputs.

Subsistence farming

Agriculture for one’s own needs, not for profit, and producing little surplus. It is typically practiced by rural communities in developing countries and is often characterized by low yields and minimal use of modern technology.

Subsistence fishing

Small-scale fishing for food and basic income. It is a traditional way of life for many coastal communities and is often done using traditional techniques and small boats.

Subtle

Not immediately obvious or noticeable, often requiring careful attention to discern. Subtle differences, hints, or changes are delicate or understated.

Subtropical high

A belt or ridge of high pressure around 30°N and S. It is a region of warm, dry air and generally fair weather.

Suburbanisation

The growth of areas on the fringe of main cities. It is often driven by factors such as population growth, the desire for more space, and better access to jobs and services.

Superfluous

Being more than is necessary, excessive, or unneeded. It describes something that goes beyond what is required or sufficient.

Superfluous

Being more than is necessary, excessive, or unneeded. It describes something that goes beyond what is required or sufficient.

Superimposed drainage pattern

A river course formed on top of a layer of sediment that has since been eroded away to expose a buried mountain range or ridge. This can result in a river that flows in an unexpected direction, relative to the surrounding topography.

Surface mining

A method of extracting coal used if the coal seam is close to the surface of the Earth. It typically involves removing the top layer of soil and rock to access the coal beneath.

Surface run-off

Water that flows over the land when rainfall is heavy or the soil is saturated with water. It is an important component of the water cycle and can transport nutrients and pollutants from the land to the sea.

Surface runoff

The movement of water, including rainwater or snowmelt, across the land surface, often flowing into streams, rivers, or other bodies of water.

Surplus

The value of money from exports being greater than money from imports. A surplus can be beneficial for a country’s economy, as it can lead to increased investment and job creation.

Sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, often encompassing environmental, social, and economic considerations.

Sustainable water use

Practices that ensure there will be enough water for future users. This can include measures such as conservation, recycling, and responsible management.

Swamp

A type of wetland ecosystem characterized by waterlogged, poorly drained soils, and dominated by woody vegetation, such as trees or shrubs.

Synchronous

Occurring or existing at the same time or having the same frequency or rate of operation. In communication, synchronous refers to interactions that occur in real-time, like a conversation or video call.

Syncline

A downward bend or fold in a block of rock that has been folded.

Synoptic map

A map that provides a summary of the current weather conditions and forecasts for a specific region.

Synoptic weather map

A chart that summarizes weather conditions for a region.

Syntax

The set of rules and structures governing the arrangement of words and phrases in sentences. Syntax is an essential component of grammar and is crucial for clear and effective communication.

T

T-shaped settlement

A settlement that takes its shape from the meeting of paths or frequently used tracks and trade routes.

Taboo

A social or cultural prohibition on certain actions, words, or practices, often based on moral, religious, or societal norms. Taboos are generally considered unacceptable or frowned upon within a particular community or group.

Talus slope

The straight part of a slope where debris collects.

Tariff

A tax imposed on imports or exports.

Tectonic plate

A piece of the Earth’s lithosphere that is similar to a jigsaw piece in shape.

Tectonic plates

The large, rigid pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and move over the semi-fluid asthenosphere, resulting in the formation of continents, mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy or heat intensity of the particles in a substance or system, often measured using a scale such as Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Temperature inversion

When the normal pattern of air temperature change, where temperature usually decreases with altitude, is reversed.

Temporal resolution

Refers to how often
a sensor can obtain imagery of a particular area.

Temporary migrant

A person who moves to another area for a limited time.

Terms of trade

The price of a country’s exports relative to the price of its imports.

Terrestrial radiation

The heat that the Earth loses to the atmosphere or the heat lost or radiated from the Earth.

Territory

A defined area or region that is occupied, governed, or controlled by a particular state, country, or political entity, often associated with borders and sovereignty.

Texture

The feel and appearance of a surface.

Texture

The feel and appearance of a surface.

The epicentre

The epicentre is the point directly above the focus of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface. It is where the earthquake’s effects are usually most severe, and where the seismic waves are strongest. The epicentre can be located using seismometers, and is an essential component of earthquake monitoring and prediction.

The equator

The equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth at 0° latitude. It divides the Earth into two equal hemispheres: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The equator is an essential reference point for navigation, weather patterns, and many other geographic and scientific applications.

The equatorial low

The equatorial low, also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), is a belt or trough of low pressure around the Earth’s equator. It is characterized by a convergence of air masses from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, resulting in warm, moist air and heavy precipitation. The ITCZ is an essential component of the Earth’s atmospheric circulation system.

The North-South divide

The North-South divide refers to the economic and developmental gap between industrialized, wealthy countries in the north and poorer, less-developed countries in the south.

The oceanic crust (or sima)

The oceanic crust (or sima) is the Earth’s crust that is under the oceans.

The ozone layer

The ozone layer is the part of the Earth’s stratosphere that is rich in ozone and helps to protect the planet from harmful UV radiation.

Thematic map

A map designed to show a particular theme associated with a specific geographic area.

Thematic map

A map designed to show a particular theme associated with a specific geographic area.

Thermal belt

The warmest mid-slope part of a valley, lying between the cold, high-altitude hilltops and the frost pockets below.

Thermal pollution

The elevation of water or air temperature in a natural environment, often resulting from human activities, such as the discharge of heated water from industrial processes or power plants.

Thermosphere

The high-temperature outer atmosphere.

Thesis

A statement or theory put forward to be proved or supported by evidence. In academia, a thesis is also a long piece of writing based on original research, submitted as part of a university degree.

Third party data source

Refers to any data obtained from third parties to validate data received from applicants, students or institutions.

Threshold population

The minimum number of people needed to support a business.

Tidal energy

Energy generated by converting the rise and fall of tides into electricity.

Tidal energy

Energy harnessed from the rise and fall of tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, often through the use of tidal turbines or barrages to generate electricity.

Tide

The daily change in sea level.

Tone

The color of features on a map or photograph.

Topocadastral map

A map that shows both topographical and land boundaries.

Topographic map

A map that shows relief, features, and different settlement types over large areas of the Earth’s surface.

Topography

The shape and form of the Earth’s surface.

Topography

The physical features or surface configuration of a particular area or region, including elevation, slope, relief, and the distribution of natural and artificial features.

Tor

A stack of rocks that have weathered from an exposed jointed batholith.

Tornado

A violent, rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground, characterized by high wind speeds, a visible funnel-shaped cloud, and the potential for severe damage.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The estimated number of children that a female is expected to have during her period of fertility.

Tourism

The travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes, often involving visits to different destinations or attractions outside one’s usual environment.

Township

An underdeveloped urban area.

Toxic waste

Waste materials that are harmful, poisonous, or dangerous to living organisms, often resulting from industrial processes, chemical spills, or improper disposal of hazardous substances.

Trade agreement

A contract between trading partners that outlines the terms of trade.

Trade bloc

A group of countries that agree to create free trade among member countries.

Trade deficit

A situation in which the value of a country’s imports exceeds the value of its exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade and often requiring the country to borrow or finance the deficit.

Trade Imbalance

An imbalance between the monetary value of exports and imports.

Trade surplus

A situation in which the value of a country’s exports exceeds the value of its imports, resulting in a positive balance of trade and often generating revenue or financial reserves for the country.

Traffic congestion

Clogged road networks during peak traveling times.

Transboundary pollution

Pollution that originates in one country or region and crosses national boundaries, often affecting the environment, ecosystems, or human health in neighboring or downstream areas.

Transform fault

A fault along the boundary of a tectonic plate.

Transform fault boundary

The boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other.

Transition zone

An area in which land use is mixed or changing.

Transnational corporation

A large corporation or company that operates in multiple countries, often with production facilities,
subsidiaries, or branches in different parts of the world.

Transpiration

The process in which water vapor escapes into the air through plants.

Transportation

The movement of people, goods, or materials from one place to another, often using various modes such as roads, railways, airways, waterways, or pipelines.

Transverse profile

A cross-sectional view of a river, taken from one bank to the other.

Tri-cellular model

A model that explains the circulation of air in three cells: Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar, which occur in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Tributary

A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river.

Trivial

Of little value or importance. Trivial matters or details are considered insignificant and not worthy of serious attention.

Tropical cyclone

A powerful and rotating storm system that typically forms over warm ocean waters near the equator.

Tropical cyclone

A rapidly rotating storm system characterized by low atmospheric pressure, strong winds, and heavy rain, forming over tropical or subtropical waters and known as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones depending on the region.

Tropical easterly/trade wind

A prevailing wind in the tropics that blows from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere.

Tropical rainforest

A dense and biodiverse forest ecosystem found in tropical regions near the equator, characterized by high rainfall, high temperatures, and a wide variety of plant and animal species.

Tropics

The region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Troposphere

The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth’s surface, which contains the densest air.

Trough

An elongated region of low atmospheric pressure.

True bearing

A measure of the angle clockwise from true north, used to navigate with a compass.

True north

The direction along the Earth’s surface towards the North Pole.

Tsunami

A large ocean wave, usually caused by an earthquake or other underwater disturbance.

Tundra

A vast, treeless biome characterized by low temperatures, short growing seasons, permafrost, and the presence of low-lying vegetation, such as grasses, mosses, and lichens.

Turbine

A machine that harnesses wind, water, or steam to produce energy.

Turbulent flow

A chaotic and uneven flow of water or air.

TVET

Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Typhoon

A tropical cyclone that occurs in
the western Pacific Ocean.

U

Ubiquitous

Being present everywhere or seeming to be everywhere at once. Ubiquitous things or phenomena are very common or widespread.

Undergraded river

A river that deposits more sediment than it erodes, resulting in a wide and shallow channel.

Underground mining

A method of mining used to extract minerals or resources from deep underground.

Underpopulation

A demographic condition in which the population size is lower than what is considered optimal or sustainable for a given region, often resulting in issues such as labor shortages and reduced economic growth.

Understatement

A figure of speech in which something is intentionally represented as less important, serious, or intense than it actually is. Understatement is often used for irony, humor, or to create a calm or humble effect.

Unemployment rate

The percentage of the labor force that is without employment and actively seeking work, often used as an indicator of economic health and labor market conditions.

Unison

The state of being in agreement or occurring together in harmony. In music, unison refers to two or more musical notes or voices that are performed at the same pitch.

University

This means any public University established, deemed to be established or declared as a University, under the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997, and/or subsequent amendments.

Uplift

The raising of the land surface, relative to sea level.

Upwelling

The movement of cold, nutrient-rich ocean water to the surface.

Uranium

A non-renewable mineral resource found in the Earth’s rocks.

Urban climate

The climate of a large city, which is influenced by urbanization.

Urban decay

The process in which a city’s central business district or inner city becomes neglected and rundown.

Urban heat island

A phenomenon in which urban areas are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas, especially at night.

Urban hierarchy

The ranking of urban settlements based on their size and function.

Urban profile

A cross-sectional view of a city, showing its buildings and other structures.

Urban renewal

The process of improving run-down parts of a city.

Urban settlement

A town, city, or township characterized by high population density and a concentration of human-made structures.

Urban sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural areas.

Urbanisation

The growth and development of urban areas.

Urbanization

The process of increasing the proportion of a population living in urban areas, often resulting from migration, natural population growth, or rural-urban migration.

V

Validate

To confirm or give official approval to something. Validation involves acknowledging the legitimacy, accuracy, or value of a person’s feelings, opinions, or actions.

Valley

A depression or low-lying area, often with a river or stream flowing through it.

Vantage Point

A position or place that allows one a broad perspective or view, either literally or figuratively. From a vantage point, one can see, understand, or analyze a situation more effectively.

Vector data

Data that represents features using points, lines, and polygons.

Vector model

A model that uses geometric shapes like lines and points, which are linked to a database that describes which features the shapes represent.

Vehement

Showing strong, intense emotion or passion; often refers to an expression of opinions or beliefs. Vehement statements or actions are characterized by fervor and conviction.

Vent

The opening or mouth of a volcano.

Verbose

Using or containing too many words; excessively wordy. Verbose language or writing often includes unnecessary details or overly complex terms, making it harder to understand.

Vertex

The highest point or peak.

Vertical erosion

Downward erosion that makes a river channel or valley deeper; also called downcutting.

Vertical exaggeration (Ve)

The amount by which the vertical scale of a cross-section is larger than the horizontal scale.

Vertical interval

The difference in altitude between two points on a slope.

Vex

To irritate, annoy, or frustrate. It can also refer to causing worry or distress to someone.

Vignette

A brief scene, story, or description that captures a particular moment or aspect of something. In literature, a vignette is often used to evoke a mood or create a specific atmosphere.

Vilify

To speak or write about someone or something in a disparaging or derogatory manner, often to damage their reputation. Vilifying involves using harsh or critical language.

Virtuous

Having or showing high moral standards, such as honesty, integrity, and goodness. Virtuous individuals are often admired for their principles and character.

Vivid

Producing strong, clear, and sharp images, sensations, or impressions in the mind. Vivid descriptions, memories, or colors are striking and intense.

Volcanic pipe

A conduit that reaches the surface of the Earth, through which magma or volcanic ash erupts.

Volcanic plug

The solidified lava in the pipe of a volcano.

Volcano

A geological feature that is formed when magma, ash, and gas escape from the Earth’s crust.

Volcano

A vent or opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten lava, gases, and volcanic materials are ejected or released from the interior of the Earth.

Voluntary migration

The act of choosing to move to another area.

Vorticity

The measure of the rotation or circulation in a fluid.

W

Walker circulation

The air flow pattern from east to west over the equatorial Pacific Ocean that is caused by temperature differences on both sides of the Pacific.

Warm current

The warm ocean water that flows from the equator towards the poles.

Warm front

A type of front where a warm air mass displaces a cold air mass, bringing warmer air behind it.

Warm occlusion

A weather phenomenon where a colder front lifts a warmer front, causing the warm air to rise.

Waste gas

The air pollutants that contain toxic substances.

Waste management

The collection, transportation, processing, recycling, or disposal of waste materials, often aiming to minimize environmental impacts and promote resource recovery.

Water conservation

The act of saving or reducing water usage.

Water cycle

The continuous process of water movement between the land, ocean, and atmosphere.

Water cycle

The continuous movement and exchange of water between the Earth’s surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere through processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Water management

The practice of managing and distributing water resources in a fair and sustainable way.

Water table

The upper limit of the groundwater zone.

Waterfall

A sudden, steep drop in a river’s course.

Watershed

An area of high ground that separates two drainage basins.

Watershed

The area of land where all the water, such as rain, snowmelt, or groundwater, drains into a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or ocean.

Wave energy

The energy that is generated by the movement of waves
and can be converted to electricity.

Weather

The daily or weekly changes in atmospheric conditions near the Earth’s surface.

Weather elements

The components of weather, including temperature, wind, and precipitation.

Weather features

Any aspect of weather, such as cloud type, temperature, visibility, and precipitation.

Weather forecast

A prediction of future weather conditions.

Weathering

The natural process of breaking down rocks through physical, chemical, or biological means.

Weathering

The process of breaking down or wearing away rocks, minerals, or soil through physical, chemical, or biological means, often resulting from exposure to weather conditions and environmental agents.

Westerly

A prevailing wind that blows from west to east in the mid-latitudes.

Wet-and-dry bulb thermometer

A device used to measure relative humidity.

Wetland

An area of land that is saturated with water, such as a swamp or marsh.

Wetland

A distinct ecosystem characterized by the presence of water-saturated or waterlogged soils, often supporting unique plant and animal species and providing important ecological functions, such as water filtration and flood control.

Whimsical

Playful, fanciful, or capricious. Whimsical describes actions, behavior, or creations that are imaginative and not constrained by reality.

Wildfire

An uncontrolled fire that rapidly spreads across vegetation, forests, or wildland areas, often fueled by dry conditions, high winds, and flammable materials, and causing significant damage to ecosystems and property.

Wildfire/veldfire

An uncontrolled fire that burns grassland, bush, scrub, or forest.

Wind

The movement of air horizontally over the Earth’s surface.

Wind energy

The energy that is generated by the wind and can be converted to electricity.

Wind energy

Energy derived from the kinetic energy of moving air or wind, often harnessed using wind turbines to generate electricity.

Wind gap

A dry valley between the elbow of capture and the misfit stream.

Wind power

The power or energy of the wind, often used for generating electricity.

World Heritage site

A place, monument, building, or natural area of outstanding universal value, recognized and protected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for its cultural or natural significance.

Z

Zeal

Passionate enthusiasm or fervor for a cause, idea, or goal. Zeal is often seen in individuals who are highly dedicated and energetic in pursuing their objectives.

Zero population growth

A state where birth and death rates are stable, resulting in no net population growth.

Zone of accumulation

The area of subsoil where materials are deposited and accumulate.